The Side-Effect Effect There are side effects to almost every action people take. Getting rid of insects in a home can cause harm to the environment, or even poison pets within the household. Studying for a test can cause lack of sleep, and ultimately poorer health. Throwing away the remains of an unfinished dinner plate discards what could have been valuable nutrients for starving children in Africa. How one determines intentionality of an action has been a controversial topic for many. Joshua Knobe has conducted experiments for explaining the proper analysis of intentional action, while Uttich and Lombrozo have conducted experiments exploring the relationship between norms and mental state ascriptions in terms of intentional actions. …show more content…
People are more willing to say a side effect occurred intentionally when they interpret that side effect as bad than they are when that side effect is good. Uttich and Lombrozo also studied the side-effect effect, but explained it differently than Knobe did. They said that the side-effect effect, the differences in ascribed mental states and traits pertaining to intentionality of an action, is due to the side effect’s norm status as opposed to moral status. They named this view the Rational Scientist view. While Knobe suggested the moral status of a side-effect influenced judgments on intentionality, Uttich and Lombrozo suggested that norm status is sufficient alone in producing the side-effect effect. Specifically, they said that norm-violating behavior that outweighs the reason to observe the norm is more informative in explaining intentionality of side effects compared to norm-conforming behavior. By default, people usually follow the norms, unless some sufficiently strong reason compels them to violate them. The Rational Scientist view is consistent with the Theory of Mind, in that internal states support explanation and prediction of behavior, but adds the vital role of norms in those predictions and explanations; moral norms affect Theory of Mind ascriptions by influencing mental state ascriptions. A third
First, the experiment Solomon Asch began in 1955 gives an example how social influence can sway or perception of reality. The results are an example of normative social influence and informational social influence. Additionally, the participants exhibit the need to gain a person’s approval, and was willing to accept others opinions about reality. Consequently, a persons moral sense
The maladaptive aspects of unwanted behaviours can be simplistic to recognise. For example, the overweight person can straight away identify the risks associated with obesity. Similarly, the individual who selects dead-beat partners is well aware of the unhappiness associated with these choices. (Reber & Reber, 2001)
If the child learns in school to be aware of the own behaviour and the resulting consequences, which can be positive or negative, then the child will pass this knowledge later forward to the next generation, (Bronfenbrenner 1979). However, not everybody may implement this properly or might not be consistent and this can cause a
Two assumptions bring the issue of explanation to the fore. One of these pertains to the range and the other to the type of event that the theories are adduced to account for. The merits of the theory theory and the simulation theory are usually discussed in relation to the practice of the prediction of intentional behavior. The reasonable assumption, (assumption A), is that the mechanism that is deployed in prediction will be the same one that is deployed in the explanation, the description and the interpretation of our own and others’ behavior. The second assumption, (assumption B), is that the two theories offer competing accounts of the same sort of event. The theory theory and the simulation theory, in proposing alternative views of the mechanism underlying our folk psychological practices of prediction, explanation, etc., agree on what these practices consist in.
Why did the ADHD boy not introduce his girlfriend to any of his friends? He could not remember her name; or better yet, why would a chicken be considered ADD? It never gets all the way across the road because of all the distractions. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental and behavioral disorder that affects 3 to 5 percent of all school-age children. The American Psychiatric Association explains that, “Individuals with ADHD may know what to do but do not consistently do what they know because of their inability to efficiently stop and think prior to responding, regardless of the setting or task” (Berne 2).
* The decisions we make throughout our lives can positively or negatively affect our health.
When I think about cause and effect I don’t think about history class, or learning patterns in math class, I think of “If You Give a Pig a Pancake”. When I think about hubris I don’t think about “Oedipus Rex” but “The Gingerbread Man”. When I learn, my brain makes connections to morals I read about as a child. A time
If complexity of the issues were to be the cause of controversy over scientific topics it would be expected that beliefs about issues beliefs about issues such as environmental risk, public health, and crime control would be distributed randomly or according to levels of education, not by moral outlook. Cognitive biases distort people's perception of risk, but they do not explain why people who subscribe to competing moral outlooks react differently to scientific data.
#7 Moral reasoning is individual or collective practical reasoning about what, morally, one ought to do. Philosophical examination of moral reasoning faces both distinctive puzzles
It is proposed that one's behaviour is an involuntary act that is directly linked to the
Scanlon explores the ethical significance of the intentions and motives with which people act. According to Scanlon, these intentions and motives do not have any direct bearing on the permissibility of the act. Thus, Scanlon claims that the traditional Doctrine of Double Effect is mistaken. However, the way in which someone is motivated to act has
These biologically pseudoscientific theories later played a role in German Nazi classification of racial, intelligence and behavioral typing as well. Again, the idea of individual rational choice as an element of criminal behavior was downplayed. Slightly less contrasting to the rational choice theory is the Psychobiological theory of human behavior. Originating with human genetic research in the 1960s, this theory stood for the proposition that the chemical makeup of a person—whether a result of naturally occurring DNA, genetic mutation caused by environmental contaminants, chemical changes through the addition or retraction of key nutrients, or chemical reactions to physical trauma—all contributed to the way the individual formulated thoughts, feeling and positive or criminal behavior. Here, the idea of the individual making rational “cost/benefit” choices was not discounted; rather, the thought process was considered as being influenced heavily by chemical and biological factors. If an individual’s chemical makeup were “out of balance”, that condition was deemed to cause undesirable or socially deviant behavior, contributing to criminal thought and action. Similar to the Psychobiological school of thought is the Psychological school of criminal causation. Two main undercurrents to this theory were biological causation and environmental causation, which were considered
The use of drugs is a controversial topic in society today. In general, addicts show a direct link between taking drugs and suffering from their effects. People abuse drugs for a wide variety of reasons. In most cases, the use of drugs will serve a type of purpose or will give some kind of reward. These reasons for use will differ with different kinds of drugs. Various reasons for using the substance can be pain relief, depression, anxiety and weariness, acceptance into a peer group, religion, and much more. Although reasons for using may vary for each individual, it is known by all that consequences of the abuse do exist. It is only further down the line when the effects of using can be seen.
Drugs and alcohol have become a serious problem in the United States of America. People are addicted to the ingredients found in these substances. The effects that happen immediately after consuming drugs and drinking alcohol are what people desire and is often the reason they do it. Although, there are many side effects to undertaking drugs and drinking alcohol that can affect people’s body. One of the worst drugs that causes damage to the body is tobacco.
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that seeks to understand drugs and how they affect the body. It involves the analysis of how drugs interact with the biological function of the body and how these drugs react with each other, their natures, and their properties. All drugs are considered chemicals and when ingested into the body an affect from the drug takes place. According to Doweiko (1999), “A drug is essentially a foreign chemical that is introduced into the individual’s body to bring about a specific desired response. There are many forms of drugs and how these drugs are administered in the body determines the kind of result that will take place. The Central Nervous System, (CNS) plays a major role in how these