2.1 Metaphor
Metaphor is one of the most commonly used and important stylistic devices. It is defined by McRae (1998/2003:140) as ‘a word or phrase which establishes a comparison or analogy between one object or idea and another’. In other words, if one finds that certain features or characteristics of two otherwise completely different and unrelated objects are similar in some way, a metaphor can be created (Galperin, 1977:140). These are not comparisons like similes, however, as metaphors are constructed in a way that clearly states that object A is object B, rather than object A is similar to object B (ibid.). As a result, we may regard these objects differently than before.
The importance of metaphors lies in their ability to shape our perception. This is especially true when dealing with conceptual metaphors, that allow us to understand a concept in terms of a different one (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). As Culler puts it
Metaphor is thus a version of a basic way of knowing: we know something by seeing it as something. Theorists speak of ‘metaphors we live by’, basic metaphorical schemes, like ‘life is a journey’. Such schemes structure our ways of thinking about the world: we try to ‘get somewhere’ in life, ‘find our way’, ‘know where we’re going’, ‘encounter obstacles’, and so on (2000:71).
Due to common usage and consequential
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The intended contrastive effect is diminished, however, if the primary meaning of one of the elements has changed or weakened (Galperin, 1977:162). Therefore, a word combination such as ‘a deafening silence’ is a proper oxymoron, while ‘awfully nice’ is not, as the word ‘awfully’ has lost its primary meaning and is commonly used as a mere intensifier
Metaphors are considered to be one of the most important forms of figurative languages used in everyday speech, prose, fiction, and poetry. According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, a metaphor is “a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison” (Van Engen, 2008). Metaphors are used to enhance imagination of the reader when reading stories and poems. Metaphors make imaginative comparisons between two completely different objects; one object said to be another. For instance, in the poem Casey at the Bat, the author uses a metaphor to compare players to objects by stating the players are those actual
When people talk to each other, they make widespread use of metaphor. In talk, metaphor is a shifting, dynamic phenomenon that spreads, connects, and disconnects with other thoughts and other speakers, starts and restarts, flows through talk developing, extending, and changing. Metaphor in talk both shapes the ongoing talk and is shaped by it. The creativity of metaphor in talk appears less in the novelty of connected domains and more in the use of metaphor to shape a discourse event and the adaptation of metaphor in the flow of talk. People use metaphor to think with, to explain themselves to others, to organize their talk, and their choice of metaphor often reveals- not only their conceptualizations- but also, and perhaps
How Do Metaphor, Figurative Language, and Symbolic Imagery Contribute to Prose Fiction? [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institute] Introduction
Also the pure white color of the milk in some ways symbolizes the similarities among the teens that drink it. Symbol: A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable
Authors use metaphors to make comparisons that the reader has to ponder on and consider, opposed to a simile where the comparison is blatantly displayed. Metaphors can be helpful to readers in the regard that they allow the reader to make connections within the text that they might not have made without the metaphor. Author David Levithan uses a metaphor to help the reader equate depression to something the reader might understand better. In the text, the main character states, “Depression has been likened to both a black cloud and a black black dog. For someone like Kelsea, the black dog is the right metaphor ”(Levithan 121). This quote tells the reader that depression can be equated to a black figure, or a dark looming presence. This could
Lakoff and Johnson state, “[w]e have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action” (3). They are saying that metaphors are used all the time and not just when people talk, but when they think and in what they do. This is exactly true because after learning about metaphors, and getting a better understanding of them, I have realized how much I, and others, apply them to everyday life without even realizing it, or trying to. Using a metaphor to describe Haas and Flower’s reading concepts will therefore make for a better grasp of what the concepts mean.
When I look up the meaning of metaphors in Webster it says "a figure of speech in which a work for one idea or thing is used in place of another to suggest a likeness between them." The Hours by Michael Cunningham is enriched with many complex metaphors. While intertwining three different woman's lives, Cunningham uses a wide range of metaphors to help mean something in one story and tie into the next woman's story. Using deconstructive interpretation to investigate these strategically placed metaphors can be difficult and exciting, yet challenging.
Metaphors help readers visualize and develop a greater understanding of the text, which in this case, is neuroscience. In conclusion, Elizabeth Kolbert's use of metaphorical expressions stimulates imagery and connections, which in turn, appears to strengthen the thesis of her essay to the
Two main metaphor systems categorize many metaphorical expressions: the Great Chain of Being system and the Event Structure system (Kovecses 151). The Great Chain system is based on a vertical scale of complexity, or “being,” and accounts for how one conceptually analyzes metaphors that compare two “things” or nouns (Kovecses 151). The Great Chain metaphor is prevalent in English literature to describe both comparisons and differences between nouns. One can better interpret a complex “thing,” such as a human, by making comparisons between the human and another noun that
Oxymoron is a term that signifies two ideas in one sentence, contradicting each other. For example, someone may say “good old” in one sentence and something that is thought of to be “good” can be infused with the thought of something new.
22. A metaphor is a figurative of speech that is implicitly or blatantly used to compare two or more unlike objects that share a common similarity.
Metaphor is used in What is the What to help the reader connect to and picture the scenes and stories of the text. Metaphor is used to put a scenario in a different, more descriptive way that is easier for the reader to picture and connect to. For example,
Using Metaphor Criticism, analyze the following metaphors: “You are my sunshine,” “That gymnast is a diamond in the rough,” and “Time is money.”
Rhetoric is debatably the foundation of every society, relationship, and piece of writing, but the branches which extend off of rhetoric are usually not analyzed with the same depth. One figure of speech in particular intertwines a level of complexity that allows for a drastic amount of interpretation: metaphors. A metaphor is nearly always within one’s speech, intentional or unintentional; a metaphor allows a reader to dive deeper into a text and allows more creativity to be shown. The protege of Plato, Greek philosopher, scientist and debatably one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thought, Aristotle, produced the books Rhetoric I, II, and III, where he plays with the concept and necessity of metaphors. Continuously Aristotle refutes himself, but throughout the rigorous interpretation and analyzation one may see he leans towards the usage of metaphors and the beneficial properties it bestows. Aristotle describes a metaphor within book III, Poetics as, “…the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion.” The usage of metaphors is a critical way for a reader to grasp deep understanding of a topic that without there would not be a correct explanation for, while allowing the author to steer them into the correct interpretation of the text.
Have you ever read a book and had to read it again because you did not know what the heck it means? Have you ever thought the book was all a figure of speech? A metaphor is a figure of speech and for the books “Metamorphism”, “Hills like White Elephants”, and “A Good Man is Hard to Find” all reoccur a metaphor threw out the pages. These books discuss a reoccurring theme of metaphors by their hidden metaphorical message that will make a reader read again to understand the book. The metaphors that reoccur in the story are outraged for “Metamorphism”, abortion for “Hills like White Elephants”, and impetuous for “A Good Man is Hard to Find”.