The tensile test, as known as the “tension test”, is one of a most fundamental type of mechanical test that used on a material. Tensile test is really inexpensive which makes this test more preferable.
From tensile test, how the material will react to forces being applied in tension can be determined. As the material is pulled by machine, material’s strength can be found along its elongation.
From the stress-strain curve of the tensile test, the values which can be found are Modulus of Elasticity, Yield Strength, the Tensile Strength, Percentage of Elongation and the Reduction in Area. Also the Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s ratio can be found by using the tensile test.
In the report, these values will be found by doing the calculations and in the Results and Discussion part of the report, these calculations will be explained and discussed. This experiment is made with two different specimens.(one is made from aluminum and the other is made from steel)
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Specimen’s raw material = Aluminum Specimen’s raw material = Steel
Diameter of specimen = 12 mm Diameter of specimen = 15 mm
Gage length = 59 mm Gage length = 84 mm
Final Gage length = 69 mm Final Gage length = 95 mm
After fracture :
Max.load = 39.56276(kN) Max.load = 86.94378 (kN)
Max.stress = 349.8033 (MPa) Max stress = 492 (MPa)
→Theory of Experiment
Formulas That Will Be Used in Lab Report
Engineering Stress σ =
The programmed algorithm is shown in Figure 6.The program was developed using LabVIEW System design software. The entire experimental set-up is shown in Figure 7.
The tensile testing was done on the three composite specimens (90°, and two 45°) were completed with a servo-hydraulic load frame with a wedge. The one in the lab was the MTS 647 hydraulic wedge grip and an 810 material test system. The specimens had strain gages with a Wheatstone bridge to collect data such as time, distance, load, axial strain, and transverse strain. From the strain gages, evidence can support how and when the specimen material failed under the stress being applied to it. The test was run for three times on three different specimens. The first specimen that was tested in the hydraulic load was the 0°/90° specimen, which is made of carbon and epoxy laminate composite.
It has an excellent strength to weight ratio obtained from heat-treatment used in its formation. The heat treatment used for this steel does not use quenching rather uses air cooling or air
Use a Mathcad script to determine the procedure used during the manufacture of a wound laminate composite tube and to assess its validity for use in stress and strain analyses.
In Figure 4, Young's modulus is plotted against yield strength. The diagonal line in the figure represents the material index M= σy/E. Materials below the diagonal line are the best candidate materials because they will remain elastic while providing the maximum conformability. All materials that cost more than $2.20 per pound and have a UV rating of "poor" were eliminated. Also, only materials that can be made through the polymer extrusion process were considered. The candidate materials are listed in Table 1 and ranked by the material index. The current material, TPV, is included in the table for
Experiment Two: Stiffness Report from laboratory work performed on 12 May 2011 as a part of the unit of study CIVL2201 Structural Mechanics
Pull each of the 18 welded specimens in tension using the Shimadzu brand tensile testing machine, with the special grips provided (Appendix A), in the order that the welds were performed
According to Dan Ariely, James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics, and Bryan Stevenson, American lawyer and social justice activist, today’s world is experiencing a huge issue of society's growing inequality and one of the brightest examples of the inequality is the America's justice system. The thing is that society is not aware of that kind of growing issue and how it stacks up to the real stats.
Principal means is avoiding strenuous activities or training practices, which cause weakening of tendon; pressure exerted on Achilles tendon should not exceed its tensile strength. Athletes should engage in adequate warm-ups prior to physical activities. It ensures that tendon is prepared for weight-bearing through increased temperature in cells surrounding it. Elasticity is also promoted to reduce chances of muscle tears. Athletes should maintain their levels of workouts as they age to increase tendon hypertrophy. Individuals should also be actively involved in activities strengthening ankle plantar flexors; a common one is eccentric exercises. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics and cortisone shots should also be avoided, since they reduce tensile
The role of hemagglutinin (HA) , which is one of the abundant & immunodominant glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus ,is very important as an immunogen in anti-influenza vaccines (Gamblin & Skehel.,2010). HA is a major glycoprotein in the viral lipid envelope membrane with a distal globular head that mediates host-cell receptor binding followed by a membrane-proximal stalk domain which directs fusion of viral envelope with the host cell(Kaminski &Lee ,2011). The current split-virus vaccines predominantly induce antibodies to the surface glycoprotein like HA ,NA . Due to antigenic drift ,the surface glycoproteins undergo mutations, therefore the three influenza strains are included in seasonal IIV (influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) and influenza B) which are evaluated for their ability to generate neutralizing antibodies against the circulating influenza strains (Waffarn E. & Baumgarth N.,2011). . After vaccination with inactivated Influenza vaccine , it results in both local and systemic responses generation. .Within 2 weeks of vaccination, 90% of vaccines found to have protective antibody titres (Cox RJ.1994) .In humans, hemagglutinin specific effector T-cells are found to be major proliferating subsets of T-cells which are seen after stimulation by HA molecule (Novak et al 1999).
Purpose: The purpose of this Physics Lab is to investigate what factors determine the amount of flexion of the cantilever. Hence, the objective is to establish a relationship between the length of a cantilever, which may give some insight into the physics of cantilevers.
The trifilar suspension was assembled and the lengths of the chains were measured, recording their average length. In order to repeat the experiment, applying the same amount of force each time, a tangential reference line was drawn on the circular platform and marked with a corresponding point on the table.
On the basis of measurement of viscoelastic and dynamic properties, there are four important parameter such as damping, relaxation, creep, and strain rate, which describes evidence of viscoelastic behavior and can be calculated with the help of an experiment, but this paper describes the method of test for the measurement of damping. In addition, the notation of complex modulus describes conventionally for damping and dynamic stiffness of linear viscoelastic materials, where the methods of vibration test are considered for measurement of complex moduli of composites. With the help of this test of plates and beams to find dynamic elastic moduli also get evaluated.
In this experiment, we determined the resultant and equilibrant of system of forces using the force table given and after gathering the data, we compared them with the different methods involved. The main material we used in this experiment is called force table. It has system of strings with varying tensions that act concurrently. It also has 4 pcs of super pulley with clamp and 4 pcs of mass hanger which weigh 5 grams each. There is a ring in the center of the force table that indicates if the forces are balance. We began the actual experiment by increasing differently the mass of each hanger using the slotted mass. Afterwards, we measured the angles of the strings by using trial and error in