The Theories : Dual Coding Theory, Multimedia Learning Theory And Cognitive Load Theory

Therefore, from a human developmental perspective, the self-efficacy characteristic can aid students in comprehending the link between current behavior and future consequences (Evans, 1989). Bandura also noted that there were four distinct processes that influence a child’s behavior – attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation. During the attention phase, a child will observe behaviors conducted around them and if this attention is thorough enough, the child will absorb the reactions and reasons for the aggressive behavior modeled. Bandura believed that the second stage, retention, is also vitally important because it is this re-enactment that causes the behavior to be transferred to the long-term memory of the child. Of course, even if the child has memorized the actions, they still need to have the physical attributes necessary to reproduce an action they have seen, but there is little physical dexterity needed to hit or punch something (Isom, 1998).

Most humans learn by simply watching, and then imitating the action rather than trial and error or direct experiences of the consequences of our actions (this is not to say that watching and imitating is the only way of learning). This method of learning is called observational learning. The highly recognized psychologist with observational learning is Albert Bandura. Bandura’s theory states that observational learning

This method is better in a way that by observing others, we can quickly gain knowledge about which behaviors are likely to lead to good outcomes. What I remember from my childhood is that everything I learned was by watching everyone else. For example every time my mom would want to teach me something knew she would demonstrate it to me. I learned a lot by seeing what others did. When my aunt started to cook I loved watching her cook to see how she made the food. Now that I became older I know how to cook by just watching my aunt cook when I was younger. I also learned how to ride the bike because my mom thought me how to ride it with demonstrations. I believe most of the people in this world learn by observing others. Is an easier way to learn and is not too complicated. Just like the saying “monkey see, monkey do”. When people see other people doing something they want to do it as well I believe is just a human instinct we have developed with time. Till this day I learn better with demonstrations r

Six videos in all were uses at approximately 8 to 10 seconds in duration. A multiple probe design across participants was used. Each participant was assigned three stimulus categories and a fourth was used to assess across category generalization. The procedure for both baseline and treatment consisted of 18 trials per session and for additional trials that were used for generalization probes which consisted of an exemplar from the fourth stimulus category. The 18 trials for treatment were broken down in to 9 teaching trials and 3 exemplar trials from each of the three training categories. A flow chart for the steps of the procedure can be found on page 286 of the (Kerth et al., 2011) study.

Psychology tells us that a human can learn various skills in two different ways, which are: Associative Learning and Observational Learning. Associative learning strikes a person when he or she makes a connection between two results or events, whereas observational learning arises when the person observes and imitates other people’s skills and

Clifford Stoll argues, “If kids watch too much TV, why bring multimedia video systems into schools.” Stoll implies that the schools are allowing students to expect some sort of multimedia in their classes. Showing videos during class may help some of the visual learners, but most students consider this as a free-time and not focus. Furthermore, Stoll states that teachers show videos during class due to their lack of information. In this case, the teachers should prepare beforehand and keep the students interested.

A. Basic Concepts 1. Observational LearningThe Social Learning Theory says that people canlearn by watching other people perform the behavior. Observational learningexplains the nature of children to learn behaviors by watching the behaviorof the people around them, and eventually, imitating them. With the ―Bobo Doll‖ experiment(s) , Bandura included an adult who is tasked to actaggressively toward a Bobo Doll while the children observe him. Later,Bandura let the children play inside a room with the Bobo Doll.

Many of us learn better, when we are taught or shown ways to do something, that way we can better our understanding of the subject being taught. The psychological term for this is modeling, which is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual. The English proverb which states “When in Rome do what the Romans do,” clearly explains modeling really well. Modeling Theory is derived from the Social Learning Theory formed from the works of Albert Bandura. This states the importance of learning from observing and imitating model roles. This kind of modeling is evident in young children who emulate their parents by dressing like them; for example a young child may wear her mother’s clothes. This technique is an effective way to eliminate unwanted behaviors, reduce excessive fears and facilitate learning of social behavior; this may be done with the person present in the room or just watching the model from videos. A participant modeling is a person who assists with giving step-to step ways of achieving the type of behavior that is socially accepted behavior. Modeling can be used to treat eating disorders, social skills such as public speaking and specific phobias.

Improving the performance of students academically and behaviorally have always been the center of interest of teachers and researchers. More importantly, limited research presented significant findings for classwide intervention. However, the method could be beneficial in aiding a large number of students through counteracting undesirable behavior before they become disruptive to the process of learning. Based on the social learning theory of Bandura, a majority of human learning is acquired through modelling, which was the focus of the present study (Richards, Heathfiled, & Jenson, 2010). Findings suggested that the imitation of the behavior is more likely to occur if similarity exist between the participant and the model. Thus, videotaped modelling intervention had been well established as an effective treatment in modifying behaviors, especially to increase the desirable ones. While self-modelling through video was indicated to be highly effective, it is only application to individuals instead of

This subject is of great importance because it attempts to understand how people learn or relearn motor skills, how they develop and use them in various situations. Learning involves a modification in the internal state of a person, which must be inferred from the observation of the behaviour or performance of that person. For learning to be effective, one must consider the variables that interfere with this process.

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is a theory that includes development theories in order to understand how children learn. Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observational models. The first model is the live model which includes observing how someone demonstrates the behavior, the verbal instruction model which learning occurs through auditory directions, and the symbolic model where modeling occurs through media sources such as internet, movies, and books.

Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim the efficacy of their theory is superior. Comparison of the theories is necessary to determine if one is significantly better than the other, or even if one theory may be slightly more effective than the other. Determining if one competing theory

These physical behaviours are learned through repetitive practice. A learner’s ability to perform these skills is based on precision, speed, distance, and technique. Learners’ general objectives would be to writes smoothly and legibly; accurately reproduces a picture, operates a computer skilfully,

In regards to social cognitive theory, one is looking at the fact that people learn by observing behavioral

Classroom observation is a main approach of teaching research. Scholars or researchers use video to record the real whole class and observe the teachers and students’ actions, words and the efficiency in the class. Though the observation, they analyze what approach is more suitable. This paper will select video 5 and video 3 as the material to do the classroom observation. Different aspects such as teachers’ responds, questions, instructions notes and students’ behavior will be addressed to analyze the efficacy of this class.