Transnational Networks And Its Influence On The World On A Global Level

4.1 Describe the degree of global ‘interconnection’ after 1500 CE compared to before 1500. What

Although global actors can sometimes have considerable power over states, the extent of this power ultimately depends on the relative power and influence of the state in question. Large developed states, such as the US, are extremely powerful compared to most other global actors and are not often influenced by their actions. However, small and undeveloped states are not always completely powerless. To determine whether states are indeed the most powerful global actors, we must look at the relative powers of trans-national corporations (TNCs), non-government organisations (NGOs) and some of the institutions of global governance.

Globalization is the process by which the markets of different countries become integrated due to the exchange of goods, services, technology, and capital. Globalization depends on social, economic, and political factors, and continuously alters the way that the world works. All the vital components of the evolving global, political, economic and social institutions being examined seem to constantly converge and to perpetually intertwine during the day to day administration of global affairs. Diplomacy is employed to keep a measured balance between conflict and cooperation. The global guarantees of international law are placed in sharp contrast to the grim reality of human rights on daily basis and policy is dictated by the scales of political power and the urgent priorities of economic necessity. To understand how the globe functioned in the past and how it wishes to function in the future, we must study each factor separately and observe its inevitable interactivity with the other factors that occur. It is important to note that none of the dynamics can be given greater weight in comparison to the other crucial instrumentalities.

4.1 The degree of global interconnection greatly increased after 1500 CE at which point it started to include the Americas, and parts of the world it had not before. BEfore this time period the globe was only connected in the eastern hemisphere and places were not as open and involved with one another everywhere. After this time period trade of materials, people, and crops became more prominent and new things were introduced to new areas, this was mainly due to the introduction of water based trade and the introduction of the Americas to the rest of the globalized world.

The era of globalization has witnessed the growing influence of a number of unconventional international actors, from non-governmental organizations, to multi-national corporations, to global political movements. Traditional, state-centric definitions of foreign policy

The era of globalization has witnessed the growing influence of a number of unconventional international actors, from non-governmental organizations, to multi-national corporations, to global political movements. Traditional, state-centric definitions of foreign policy as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states is no longer sufficient. Several alternative definitions are more helpful at highlighting aspects of foreign policy

The future of Earth and democracy is in a crucial moment. There is significant backlash across the globe against uncontrolled capitalism and the consequences it has had over the last century. With this comes the development of the World Wide Web, which has brought change in the form of the Information Age. With this comes amazing new technology that has allowed movements to work across the globe better than before. With this comes the question of how transnational movements are going to succeed. The Socialist movement achieved much in early 1900s as did the Civil Rights movement. But how transnational movements succeed now is a difficult question. The threat of violence from state and non-state actors hangs over the heads of those in much of

Over the course of history, domestic politics have been shaped by international forces. Forces like war and trade; empire and colonies; migration and the spread of ideas. Globalization and Neoliberalism plays an important role in impacting politics in all states. “Globalization is a system in which human beings are no longer part of isolated communities that are linked through narrow channels of diplomatic relations of trade”(O’Neil,2017, pg.346). Globalization creates a division between international relations and domestic politics. When globalization makes a distinction, then the aspects of domestic politics are controlled by global forces. Globalization changes the  institutions of economics, politics, and society. The institutions are measure by space and time of social norms, culture, boundaries. The boundaries create a local identity and control (particularly-“state, religion, or set of cultural values holds sway over the land and here but not there.”)(O’Neil, 2015, pg.348).  Furthermore, political isolation becomes impossible to happen.

CARE international is a social movement whom strive to end poverty. Having multiple international partnerships allow them to work with more local NGO’s, to help reach more people and try to create a political change/ social change. Their main objective to help provide emergency assistance and create long- term development projects for developing countries with a strong need for social change. CARE international is a perfect example of a contemporary case of a transnational advocacy network, being international and having memberships from 14 huge countries they are capable of being a network that allows for interactions between states, non-state actors, and international organization which allows for their social movement speak much louder,

America’s is a low context country that values personal space, and individual accomplishments. China is a collectivistic culture, where communication is internalized rather than being relatively blunt compared to American society. With such a large barricade between supreme states, how was the world supposed to achieve globalization? In fact, attempt to amend or change our individualistic culture has manifested a new movement known as anti globalization to challenge the issue.” Anti-globalization is a transnational protest movement that is global in character and has a decentralized network organization, that is worldwide and created to preserve identities.( )” This movement is self organize and created to combat rule authority over the behavior of humans. “In protest of anti-globalization movements, large summits and meetings of the worlds largest financial institutions are regularly targeted.” Currently it is writing widely believe those in power in a globalized world will consist of the World Trade Organization (WTO) International, Monetary Fund(IMF) and World Bank. Many opponents of globalization say it leads to exploitation of the world’s poor, workers, in that

What reforms do the authors recommend to various international organizations and institutions? – The authors recommend reforms such as updating international governments by bring them up to PAR (Popular, Accountable, and Rights-regarding), establishing a liberal order, and reanalyzing how states use force. First of all, the authors clearly state that democracy is the best type of government created in history for ensuring the liberty of individuals in the long run. With that being said, they highly advocate that the United States should assist in making this happen globally. One way to execute this is to “Establish and institutionalize networks of national, regional, and local government officials and nongovernmental representatives to create

Modern day politics have a lot of non state actors that affect politics, these non-state actors are usually a network of activists that

Analysts agree that TNCs have altered the international relations principles that were once dominated by nation-state relations (Kline, 2005).Transnational Corporations have in many ways exploited the weaknesses in the territorially guarded national laws. In many developing countries, organizations affiliated to external control have challenged and in some instances threatened government sovereignty. Economically stable countries such as the United States of America, have attempted to extend their influence to other countries of the world through TNC. This situation is what led to governments endorsing the non-interference policy in national political affairs (United Nations, 2003). Interesting to note is the role that non-governmental organizations played in this debate. Nongovernmental organizations have been known to not only exert political pressure on governments with little democratic space, but also collaborate with TNCs in this quest. (Heinrich, 2001). For example, many NGOs sort the active involvement of TNC in removal of the apartheid regime in South Africa. This in return, has created tension between these governments and the NGOs with the NGOs calling for the increased political involvement of the TNCs.

Global Politics The study of international or rather global politics, seeks to provide an account of politics in the broadest domain. The domain of international politics in the twenty-first century is characterised by the increasing number of actors pursuing common and personal interests. It is largely due to the globalised, interdependent nature of the current international political environment that the concepts of sovereignty and power deserve further evaluation.

Global public issues such as global climate change, international financial market, illicit international trade, cross border migration, internet governance and cyber war, nuclear proliferation, global public drug and etc cause a need of global public policy. Basically global public policy has been designed in order to achieve desired goals in global public challenges. Global public policy is made by state and non-state actors. In classical political science only the states were recognized as a significant actors in public policy and international policies were made between states( Wimmer and Schiller,2002), while in the recent decades non-state actors play important role in global governance(Whitman, 2009,87). For instance, UN, UNDP, UNIDO are central in the global public sphere (Kaul 2003).