Tuberculosis ( Tb ) Disease

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

(Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). Another mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium bovis, is a pathogen mainly of cattle. M.bovis is the cause of bovine tuberculosis, which is transmitted to humans via contaminated milk or food (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). It is very unlikely to see M. bovis transmitted from person to person. It will impinge bones causing a hunchback deformation of the spine; it also will affect the lymphatic system. In the latent stage, the patient is asymptomatic due to TB is inactive. Symptoms may appear weeks or even years later after acquiring the infection. In the active stage symptoms will include a cough that may last three weeks or more, expectorating blood, erratic weight loss, more tiredness than usual, fever, Night sweats and chills. Active TB is indicative to the spread of the infection; which happens when the bacteria advances from person to person from unhindered microscopic droplets dispensed into the air. Two of the most-common test used to the diagnosis tuberculosis is a simple skin test and chest x-ray. The skin test is done by injecting a minute amount of PPD under a patient's skin creating a welt on the forearm. The results are read in 48-72 hours by a health professional; they will check for swelling at injection site. If the PPD test reads false positive then, a chest x-ray will be ordered. Chest x-rays are

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Active disease is diagnosed with chest x-ray, skin or blood tests and sputum smears. Cat scans and MRI’s can also be used for diagnosing. Treatment for active non-resistant TB consists of the use of a two drug therapy, generally isoniazid and rifampicin. Cure rate for this strain of TB can be over 90%. Treatment for active TB is done for a minimum of six months. As a result of individuals incompletely finishing their recommended dose of anti-tubercular

Urinalysis: Diagnosis of genitourinary TB is established with Koch’s bacillus demonstration in urine. The presence of dysuria, sterile pyuria, and haematuria are highly suggestive for diagnosis. In TB infection, bacterial overlap may occur, so positive bacterial culture should not abolish the possibility of urinary TB. Traditionally TB diagnosis is established by M. tuberculosis isolation: direct microscopic examination for the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) colouring in Ziehl-Neelsen is the fastest method for identification of mycobacteria providing,

There are two different types of tests that are used to determine if there is TB in the body. The first test is the TB skin test (TST) and the second one is TB blood test. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only discloses if a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB disease. Further testing, such as a chest x-ray and a sample of sputum (mucus), is necessary to see whether the person has TB disease. (https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbinfectiondisease.htm)

The patient will go through the same tests and investigations as the patient with active respiratory TB and will use the same antibiotics. The only difference is that the course of the antibiotics taken will last for 12months not 6. In addition to the treatment mentioned above, if Extrapulmonary TB has reached the brain, the patient will have to take a corticosteroid to coincide with the other antibiotics to reduce any swelling which may have occurred.

TB skin test also called a purified protein derivative tests PPD. It is performed by injecting a small amount of PPD solution on the dermis. Also, most people previously infected with TB develop a skin reaction 48 to 72 hours after the PPD solution is injected under the skin. The skin is examined to determine if there is induration. healthcare provider interprets the test as positive or negative based on the size of the induration, not redness. However, the result of TB skin test does not tell if the person has active TB or LTBI, it indicates the TB bacteria are in the body. In addition, anyone who has a positive TB skin test needs additional tests, for example, chest X-ray test, to determine if the bacteria active or latent.

Based on the information provided in the scenario, and according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the initial medications would likely include isoniazid orally at 5mg/kg/day, rifampin orally at 10mg/kg/day, pyrazinamide orally 16mg/kg/day, and ethambutol orally at 20mg/kg/day. These medications would be used until the results of drug-susceptibility tests became available and it was determined what strain of bacterium was causing the Tuberculosis. If it were indicated that we needed to treat a multi-drug resistant bacterium, medications would be adjusted at that time.

Due to the transmission that TB is spread, through the air from one person to another coughing, sneezing, and speaking. It is vital that those who have TB disease are treated, complete the medicine regimen, and take the medications exactly as prescribed. If one was to discontinue the medications without completion, they can become ill again and if they do not take the drugs correctly, the TB bacteria that are still alive may become resistant to those medications. TB must be treated by taking antibiotics, the exact drugs and length of treatment depend on your age, overall health, possible drug resistance, the form of TB, latent or active, and the location

If you have got drug-resistant TB, a mixture of antibiotics referred to as fluoroquinolones and injectable medications, reminiscent of amikacin, antibiotic or capreomycin, area unit usually used for twenty to thirty months. Some sorts of TB area unit developing resistance to those medications also.

For many centuries, tuberculosis was considered a death sentence. However, the development of antibiotics and methods of controlling the disease substantially reduced its prevalence. TB is caused by a bacteria and is highly contagious as it is spread through the air. While usually a respiratory disorder that affects the lungs TB “can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine” (CDC 2012). Multidrug-resistant TB, however, is resistant to two of the most potent drugs used to contain the illness, isoniazid and rifampin (CDC 2012). Both drug-resistant and standard TB are spread in the same fashion; misuse of antibiotics such as discontinuing them

First to volunteer at UNC Nash Health Care, you have to get a Tuberculin Skin Test, also known as a TB Skin Test. The skin test is designed to test individuals for bacteria that could lead to an infectious disease called Tuberculosis. It is administered by taking a tiny needle filled with TB antigens and injecting it into the individual's forearm to create protection against the disease. The injection site will leave a little balloon shaped mark after injection. The results of the TB skin test take about forty-eight to

Serological tests for TB are tests completed on tests of blood, and they claim to have the capacity to analyze TB by distinguishing antibodies in the blood. In any case, testing for TB by searching for antibodies in the blood is extremely troublesome.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.