Understanding The Population Of Interest

Many people may say one is a retard without knowing the truth behind the actual word. Intellectual Disability, also known as Mental Retardation, is a very serious psychological disorder that few are faced with for life. Intellectual Disability is characterized by a below-average level of intelligence (a mental ability) that lacks skills necessary for daily living. An IQ is the standard way to measure the level of intelligence one may have. Roughly 95% of humans have the IQ between 70 and 130. (Meyers and DeWall, 2014). The other five percent are either absolute genius or intellectually disabled. Being intellectually disabled can be caused in many ways

An intellectual disability, like the one had by Roland Johnson and about one percent to three percent of people, is defined as “a disability that is present at birth or occurs in the developmental period (before the age of 18) and is characterized by significant sub-average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in 2 or more areas of adaptive functioning” (Daul). Roland Johnson, though his life was hard, did not let his “limitations” limit him.

A.1.Motivation of the proposed research. NDDs, including ID and ASDs, are the most devastating brain disorders affecting children (13). The prevalence of ASDs is on the rise, and yet, no effective treatments exist. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 1 in 68 children at 8 years of age had ASDs in 2014, up 220% since 2002. ID, another severe NDD affecting 3% population characterized with IQ less than 70 (14). Over 3.5 million Americans live with ASDs suffering from life-long disabilities. An ASD family spends $60,000 a year on average for care. The clinical presentation of ASDs is complex. The impaired social-communication functions and restricted, repetitive pattern of behaviors can be detected in children

A particularly intriguing aspect of the SIT-R3 is that a vocational rehabilitation counselor can be the administrator of the test; hence, the need to contract an outside agency, or additional funds to pay for the administration of the test, are not necessary (Hansmann & Zimmerman, 2008). Notwithstanding the usefulness of the SIT-R3 as a screening tool for possible presentation of an intellectual disability, a critique of this tool, as stated earlier, is that this test should only be used as an initial screening measurement to determine whether or not more in-depth assessment may be necessary.

Individuals with ID are more likely to present with comorbid anxiety, affective psychotic, personality disorders, as well as a range of behavioral problems (Delgado). These problems can help be contained by medicine and regular treatments. Unfortunately, the mental health needs of a person with ID have been neglected. For example Delgado states, “A survey of counseling and clinical psychology programs found 67% of counseling and 75% of clinical psychology programs did not include issues pertaining to ID into their curriculum,” (Delgado). If issues pertaining ID is not included in a curriculum, there is no room for these people to further their learning in the specific ways needed. This displays that people with disabilities have no control over any of these conditions and we are not meeting the standards to help them. Therefore, people do not need to ignorant and insult people with ID and others around them when they have no control. Changes need happen to improve the lives of those who have disabilities in order to protect them in the presence of others who do not suffer from

According the DSM-5, (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders), Intellectual Disability is a disorder that occurs during developmental periods that include intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in multiple domains, i.e., “conceptual, social, and practical domains” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There is a set of three different criteria that must be met in order to have this diagnosis: Deficits in intellectual functions, deficits in adaptive functioning, and time of onset. Some of these affected intellectual functions include “reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing”. The affected adaptive functioning “result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility …and limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life, such as communication, social participation, and independent living, across multiple environments, such as home, school, work, and community”. Lastly the onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits must occur during the developmental period (American Psychiatric Association,

Standardized tests for intelligence and adaptive behavior are the appropriate diagnostic criterion. Individuals with ID show mild to profound mental inadequacies. Intelligent Quotient (IQ) score of 70 or below is the benchmark for ID. Deficient adaptive function presents through irregular conceptual, social, and practical skills. Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) is the standard evaluation tool to appraise adaptive function. The age of onset, intellectual functionality, and global developmental progress are considered during prognosis. Environmental factors, such as linguistic diversity and cultural differences are noteworthy influences. Educators can use this information to create effective strategies for individualized support

Trends in population have much to do with the planning and dynamics of the delivery of healthcare. Population size and demographic characteristics as well as births and deaths, are a basic starting point for assessing the need for health services in a population (Williams & Torrens, 2008). According to Williams & Torrens (2008), the dynamics of population are the most fundamental determinants of the need, demand, and use of health care services. The size and age composition of a population have a tremendous impact on total health services use as well as on the distribution of the use of specific services.Therefore, trends in population dynamics, including population size and demographic characteristics as well as births and deaths, are a basic starting point for assessing the need for health services in a population (Williams & Torrens, 2008).

I would have a difficult time working with individuals from Asian cultures, and I also feel that this pertains to individuals who are Indians. I feel this way because I feel that I have no real knowledge about the variety of difficult cultures within the Asian populations. Also, I feel that there is a great amount of information to understands. For example, there are many customs, policies, and a social construct, as well as, orientations of political views, and religious perspectives. I feel that if I were to work with someone of this nature, I could insult someone even if this is not my intention. Also, I feel that I

Sampling is extremely useful in all applications of sociological study; essentially, it would be impossible to study the entire population, and sampling allows us to generalize the large population while only analyzing a small group. While trying to analyze a given population by means of a smaller, representative population, it is important to consider that the best way to sample varies greatly depending on the goals, budget, and intentions of the project. The two major methods of study are qualitative and quantitative, and the two main facets of sampling are probability and non-probability. Probably sampling is primarily used in quantitative studies, and non-probability sampling is mainly used in qualitative studies. Qualitative studies often

These diagnoses are all classified as neurodevelopmental disorders. Other similarities across diagnosis include deficits in cognitive functioning and academic difficulties. The onset of these three disorders/disabilities typically occur during the developmental period. In turn, children experience delays in reaching developmental milestones. For example, language milestones may be impeded – this is a common factor across these three diagnoses. Additionally, Cognitive and language assessments are often part of the diagnostic process for all three disorders/disabilities. The age of the individual would make it difficult to do a good differential diagnosis. For example, in young children, ASD and an ID may look identical. An individual with an

“Adaptive behaviour is a person’s functioning in daily life activities, including communication, social participation, progress at school or preschool and personal independence at home or in the community.” (NCSE 2014) Early onset means they are present from an early age and are not as a result of an accident or an illness later in life. (Enable Ireland, 2012:16) Similarly, another article outlines that to meet the diagnostic criteria of a learning disability “depends on having an impairment of intellectual functioning, typically measured as an IQ below 70, along with a significant impairment of adaptive or social functioning.” (Webb and Whitaker 2012) They argue the point of how reliable it is to have a diagnosis based on IQ scores. Their opinions based on the validity of the current criteria for the diagnosis of a learning difficulty made for very interesting reading, leading to an exploration into what is known as the Flynn effect and therefore, the quality of IQ testing. Flynn 1987, reveals that evidence exists that the intellectual ability of the population from one generation to the next has increased. This is not only evident in the general population but also for those presenting with low intellectual ability (Flynn,

Intelligence quotient or IQ scores are used to assess limitations in intellectual functioning, as well as limitations in adaptive behavior. The AAIDD implemented a cut off point to use when defining intellectual disability through means of an IQ score. In order for an individual to be considered intellectually disabled their IQ score has to be 70 or below (Parmenter, 2011). However, it is also recommended that clinical judgement should be used during the diagnostic process to ensure factors such as measurement error, fatigue and age are taken into

Definition: The term intellectual disability has gone through a series of modification along the years. For instance, at first mental retardation was the terminology intellectual disability was referred to as (Gargiulo & Bouck, 2017, p. 162).Nonetheless, Intellectual disability is defined by Gargiulo and Bouck as “a disability characterized by significant limitations in both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills” (Gargiulo & Bouck, 2017, p. 165).In other words intellectual disability is not only primarily focusing on cognitive impairment but also in a child’s behavior.

According to DSM-5 ( Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders), Intellectual disability (ID), also called Intellectual development disorder (IDD) or General learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neuro- developmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ score below 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Once