Unit 7 Exercise 1 Reaction Paper

Causes: Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe

All pathogens need a source of food to provide them with a source of energy and nutrients they need to multiply. Often they get it from the body of the infected individual.

There is a risk for a type 1 error in this study because of the multiple comparisons in this study.

Between the 1830’s to 1860’s, cholera spread into the United States from India by trade routes. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by drinking or eating material that is infected with Vibrio cholerae. Cholera causes watery diarrhoea, but can show days later or never show

The role of an IP address is to locate each device in the network. For example, having a Roku, Xbox One, two IPhone, a wireless printer, each device has its address. The domain name is a name given to companies, entities to communicate and share data through the network (e.g. intranet, internet, cloud).

Trish, could you please order 1 Duracell AA batteries, pack of 24 item# 458914 (billed to ARC), 1 Duracell AAA batteries, pack of 20 item# 587526 (billed to ARC), 1 Office Depot Cleaning Duster, pack of 3 item# 911245 (billed to ARC), and 1 Memorex CD/DVD sleeves, pack of 100 item# 646510 (billed to ARC).

Like the world around us the medical field is always changing. It is always pushing forward, trying to understand mysteries of the human body that have boggled researchers for decades. What confuses scientists more, are the organisms or conditions that create these abnormalities that can send the human body into a downward spiral. Disease is something that has affected human civilization since the dawn of time. It can either be chronic or acute, but in either case it has the potential to bring havoc to the human body systems that can lead to devastating consequences. Generally there are two main types of diseases, ones caused by invading pathogens and those which are hereditary. One hereditary disease that can be particularly tragic is

Cholera most likely originated in India as many as 1,000 years ago. The earliest documentation of recorded symptoms is from a medical report written in 1563. Later, the first cholera pandemic initiated in 1817 when the bacterium spread from India to Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Russia, the East African coast and the Middle East and lasted until 1823. Modernization eventually increased the extent of the illness through providing means by which the bacteria could spread. On its own, Cholera would have remained separated from the rest of the world by miles of land and sea, but technological innovations connected the continents, and it did not take long for the bacteria to infect the precise human beings who would provide them safe travel. In 1826, unknowing merchants inadvertently carried the disease over trade

Cholera is a small intestine infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholera (Finkelstein, 1996). It affects 3 to 5 million people worldwide, and as of 2010 causes 58,000 to 130,000 deaths a year (Lozano et al., 2012). Water filtering and chlorination have removed the threat of cholera in Europe and North America, however, it still affects some developing countries, like Haiti. The department of Grand’Anse in Haiti has been experiencing a cholera epidemic since October 2010; the worst one in recent history (CDC, 2016). Grand’Anse never had a cholera outbreak in recorded history until after the 2010 earthquake (BBC News, 2010). The earthquake occurred on January 12, 2010, and the outbreak began in October 2010. Waste from the outhouses used

Although the mucosa itself does not appear to be damaged by CT, the net flow of Na+ into tissue is decreased and the net flow of Cl- and water out of tissue is increased so as a result, there is more Na+, Cl-, and water in the lumen than there should be. This leads to massive diarrhea and great electrolyte imbalance. A patient with severe cholera can lose up to 20L of water a day (Salyers A., Abigail, 141). At times, diarrhea becomes so dilute it is almost clear, containing flecks of mucus that it is called rice water stool because of its watery consistency (Salyers A., Abigail, 142). This rapid rate of water loss and dehydration is tremendously fatal. At its most extreme, symptoms emerge in 3-4 hours, previously healthy patients can die within 6-8 hours of infection, and more commonly go into shock 6-12 hours after infection and die within 18 hours (Weekly Epidemiological Record, 6). Cholera’s level of severity is very life threatening and remains a big problem even in our world today.

However, “although V. cholerae is the source of the cholera infection, the deadly effects of the disease are the result of a potent toxin, called CTX, that the bacteria produce in the small intestine. CTX binds to the intestinal walls, where it interferes with the normal flow of sodium and chloride. This causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes)” (Cholera: Causes)

There are several known mechanisms by which rotavirus can cause disease. Rotaviruses, primarily infect mature intestinal epithelial cells on the apices of the small intestinal villi. Destruction of infected cells and subsequent development of villus atrophy reduces digestion and absorption of fluid and nutrients, resulting in secretory diarrhea with loss of fluids and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen, which is explained by the transport of electrolytes from the intestine is severely damaged, resulting in a high osmotic pressure, which subsequently disrupts the absorption of water in the colon.

When anything contaminated is ingested into the human body symptoms can appear within hours after consumption.As a result, the infected suffer, “from sudden, explosive,unrelenting diarrhea, often accompanied by vomiting” leaving the person drained of all fluids within hours.(American Philosophical Society). Due to the major loss of fluids, the skin turns a bluish tint and the blood develops a tar-like thickness. In deadly cases individuals become living corpses with their face, “rendered completely ghastly by the complete removal of all the soft solids” and the skin becoming weathered and wrinkled.(American Philosophical Society). Cholera is a cruel virus that completely destroys the body ,when left untreated, leaving individuals drained and tired. Sad to say, but no one is safe from this infection that loosens the intestines and rectum.Cholera is an unforeseen illness that can kill many people in just a few minutes and that's the case for Nigel Chigudu who lost, “ five siblings within 5 hours” leaving a trail of opportunity for the virus to spread. (UNICEF). Cholera can burn through communities with no end in sight unless precautionary steps are

Vibrio cholera is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria which colonises the human gut causing acute diarrheal disease and leads to frequent epidemics around the world. In 2014 190, 549 cholera cases were reported to the World Health Organisation (Global Health Observatory Data 2014) , however the true number is likely to be far higher as there are many greatly affected locations which have poor or nonexistent data. Vibrio cholera is currently treated by the use of oral antibiotics coupled with rehydration therapy however the bacteria are now developing resistance and new treatments must be produced in order to prevent further epidemics and unnecessary deaths. This essay will discuss the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholera bacteria along with antibiotic treatment of cholera and its methods of antibiotic resistance.

The Feiner Points of Leadership is one of the interesting and application oriented books I have read. I would recommend the book to my friends and colleagues who aspire to be a good leader. This book should be read by all the leaders and managers to be successful. It exemplifies some of the important skills manager or leader should practice at the same time it explains the mistakes one should avoid being a successful and effective leader. Michael Feiner’s experience in PepsiCo, given examples and instances in his tenure makes it easier to understand the facts in detail. These examples also helps retain all the points and laws explained in the book.