Using The Production Possibilities Frontiers For Women And Men Provided

Simultaneously, the gender pay gap has financial effects not just on the women, yet their families too. Studies have shown that American families with children count on a women’s earnings as a massive part of their family’s income, and many are the head of the household. Data demonstrates that “seventy percent of mothers with children under 18 participate in the labor force, with over 75 percent employed full-time. Mothers are the primary or sole earners for 40 percent of households with children under 18 today, compared with 11 percent in 1960. Women’s participation in the U.S. labor force has climbed since WWII: from 32.7 percent in 1948 to 56.8 percent in 2016” (Dewolf). Now women make up more than half of the U.S. workforce, the gap in earning deciphers to $7968 per year in median earnings for a high school graduate, $11,616 for a college graduate, and $19,360 for a professional school graduate. By and large, this gap effects hundreds of millions of women and their families, and lag them back hundreds of thousands of dollars throughout their life.

Since women’s acceptance in the labour market the typical Australian family being ‘male breadwinner’ have been replaced by ‘dual income’ families where one partner works full-time while the other works part-time (Chesters 2011). As a result, there was an adjustment in the division of domestic labour where it became more equal as couples divide their time between paid and unpaid work (Chesters 2013). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2009) gender roles in housework became more flexible whilst women participate in paid employment. Men would spend more time doing ‘core female’ domestic activities such as cooking and laundry and less time on outdoor activities such as home maintenance and lawn mowing (ABS 2009). In addition, men take on a greater role with regard to childcare where they spend more of their care time on play activities, these activities are normally done the same time as other activities (ABS 2009). However, some research has found that the ‘more dependent husbands are on their wives for income the less housework’ they would do in order to protect their masculinity (Baxter, Hewitt & Western 2009). Although there is hardly any difference in time spend on household work between full-time and part-time employed men it is is evident unemployed men spend only between 4 and 5 hours more doing housework as

In “The End of Men?,” an article featured in The Atlantic in summer 2010, author Hanna Rosin illustrates the drastic, ascending shifts perceived in modern society. Rosin poises the theory of how men were traditionally seen as the superior gender. The author believes there is a contractionary shift in gender roles and that the new era is “[B]etter suited to women” (Rosin 304). Recent studies show that women are becoming prominent in the workforce, education, and family. Accordingly, she explains how women are miraculously able to balance work while nurturing their children. Rosin believes that this occurs because men are not biologically made to tend children. Additionally, Rosin analyses how men lost “8 million jobs” during the Great Recession (Rosin 306). During that time, women were becoming what made a majority of the workforce. There were increases in women’s presence in what used to be male-dominated fields: school, politics, and business. Rosin questions this drastic shift concerning women and men’s roles in society, stating how they are now equally competing for jobs. Moreover, the way women behave now show their commendable abilities in the workforce and how society is changing as they establish their dominance and authority everyday. Once, women were frowned upon, but nowadays, more people favor having girls than boys. Today’s era is commending women with their admirable work ethic and self-worth. Throughout most of history, men dominated the

The modern day woman works outside of the home, but then returns and continues to take care of housework and the children. Sociologists refer to this part of the woman’s day as the, “Second shift.” Two studies conducted found that if a man is more economically dependent on his wife, he is less likely to do housework. However, no evidence suggests that becoming economically independent makes marriage any less desirable for a woman. The family is the initial agent of socialization in their child’s life, however, even though the mother of the family may have the job with longer hours and better pay, the parents will still reinforce traditional gender roles in their household (Thompson 301-302.) This behavior can cause a child to embrace the stereotype that the woman’s only role is to cook, clean, and take care of the children. Even if a woman is the primary

Gender inequality can be explained using the conflict theory which is a common agreement that men have been dominant throughout many societies for many years (Joan Acker, 1989). It is believed that women are weak, while men are strong. Most women have been enslaved by men throughout

Gaskell: He said, first they would lose their freedom of work. Plus, it wouldn’t be a competitive between worker, which would make them struggle throughout their life and won’t have family life. Guest saw it as a cause of family disaster for a labor’s family.

For example, becoming a mother and having to deal with motherly responsibilities can take an abundance of time out of the hours in which they could be earning money, thus “[skewing] pay-gap statistics, as they decrease the average total hours worked by women” (Cholensky 16). Working mothers spend at least twelve unpaid weeks on maternity leave. Regardless, an abundance of mothers need more time to bond with and take care of her newborn baby. There is a term that was coined for this exact disadvantage; the motherhood penalty. This argues that working mothers encounter disadvantages in pay, perceived competence, and benefits relative to childless women. However “ fathers earn somewhat more than childless men with the same characteristics—referred to as a fatherhood bonus” (Misra 27). Fathers and mothers may both work the same amount of hours and have very similar jobs, but the father will almost always get paid more than the working mother. This is because assumptions have made it so that women take responsibility of household chores and take care of their families. In the past, male counterparts have made the money to support their families and households. Standards in society have also been made, which influence the decisions that couples make in their

The discrepancy of the wage gap grows substantially for more elite jobs. Males and females who have the same education and experience who go into higher paying jobs, such as doctors and lawyers, the female counterpart earns significantly less than males. This quote shows just how unjust the wage gap is that for the same amount of work, and the same education and education, males are still on average paid more. The higher paying jobs that require much higher education are not as forgiving to allow females to take a lot of time off work to have children. The females are making the wage gap by taking fewer hours to be a mother (Perry, Mark J., and Andrew G. Biggs). However, statistics say otherwise. Other statistics show to prove that women are not being paid significantly less in more elite jobs because a lot take time off to start a family, women are in general paid less per hour than men.This wage discrepancy is just dramaticized in elite jobs. Females are not paid less for the hours they take off, since comparing the hours between males and females, women are paid less on average per hour than

The United States exhibits the trend of the “feminization of poverty”, a powerful phrase coined by Diana Pierce to exhibit the increasing number of women and children in poverty. Among the causes of this problem is a “dual labor market that actively discriminates against female workers” (Leventman 1988: 197). The average American woman is only paid 77 cents to every working man’s dollar (Alter 2014). Men today make more than women, despite women having the same amount of educational achievement. In fact, in 2011, men with only a bachelor’s degree made more than women with graduate degrees (Alter 2014). In 2013, full-time working men made $50,033 compared to just $39,157 for full-time working women (Cook 2014). In America today, the problem of poverty in the lives of women and children is attributed to different aspects of gender stratification as well as gender inequality. Poverty will continue until women are equal to men in terms of power, wealth, and other

Women are often still seen as the weaker sex and are automatically cast into the role of homemaker. We have seen a huge change in women in the work place over the last half century and more women are working now than ever. Even with this shift in employment there is still the traditional association set in place that a woman stay home and tend to the house and kids. Women fall behind in mobility for these reasons. Women are also more likely to become single parents, forfeit higher education, and work lower paying jobs adding to their economic lag (Reeves & Venator, Par.5). In an article on Gender Gaps in Relative Mobility they discuss the significant gender gap we are still facing. Graphs using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) were used to show where women’s mobility stands. The conclusion of this data is that things seem to be equal for men and women when comparing economic growth but in fact are not. The article by Richard V. Reeves and Joanna Venator states that even though it seems women have been gaining in mobility throughout the years, “mobility patterns by gender shows that there is clearly a long way to go before we approach equality” (Reeves & Venator, Par.7). Simply put, gender equality has not been fully reached, and until it has, women cannot achieve their top economic status or level of

As xxx argued, gender inequality is not an ahistorical fact. Despite little differences, there is nearly no obligated or assigned role for women as caregivers in hunter-gatherer societies and they have decision-making power. In these societies, childcare was a responsibility of all people. Childcare became the responsible for the family, especially as a mother, after sedentism due to men’s increasing responsibilities in hunting and warfare. Colonialism, industrialization and globalization have done nothing other than furthering the gender inequality. By providing cost-free daycare services, which are funded by the taxes that paid by the all, governments can retransform the women’s role in the society and end the housewifization of the women. Regardless of their employment status, all women must have access to daycare provision and its costs should be covered by the governments to make the childcare to the responsibility of all society

According to the text, norms that are expected out of work are: (1) the job content should be legal; (2) the job should be institutionally regular; (3) the job should be relatively stable; (4) the job should provide adequate pay with sufficient hours of work every week to make a living (Hodson, & Sullivan, 2012, p. 327). Marginal jobs are those that diverge from one or more of these expected work norms. This may be subjective because two people might disagree on whether or not wages earned for a job are adequate. Marginal jobs appear to be more common in highly competitive industries. Employers may implore various different tactics to offset competition. An organization may create low-wage, unstable jobs and laying-off workers due to economic difficulties. This is beneficial in conserving capital or shifting the company’s product lines or goals but comes at a cost of employee morale. In an extreme case, employers may decide to shift jobs to another region or country where lower wages are acceptable. This could also be intensified by giving marginal jobs to those with disabilities, limited language skills, lack of education, or do not possess sufficient credentials to work according to laws and regulations. Some jobs are marginal because they are undesirable such

Researchers have proposed a variety of explanations for systematic gender inequality in the workplace. Cultural benefits, the actions of male employees, the actions of the female employees, and the actions of the employer can contribute to intentional or unintentional gender discrimination (Ngo, Foley, Wong, & Loi, 2003). It has also been mentioned that women make less money because their work environment is generally safer than the stereotypical male work environment; childcare, cashiers, and secretary positions as opposed to firefighters, truck drivers and construction workers (Parcheta, Kaifi, & Khanfar, 2013). Perhaps the most dominant reasoning for women receiving less pay is the carrying over of biological roles into the workplace. Female employees often take time off to have a family, take care of a family, and are the primary caregiver of said family.

Conventionally, females played a very insignificant role in the paid work force of a society as many times they were expected to be home taking care of their family. Their roles at home can often include grocery shopping, meeting all the needs of her children and husband. As time moved on, our society became more accepted of sharing housework between the couples, but even so, the traditionally more feminine housework such as cooking, caring for sick children, and shopping for the entire family are mostly done by the females of the house. It is argued in a research journal Work and Occupations (Witkowski & Leicht, 1995) that in an average North American family, females take on roughly three-quarters of the housework. Even though we are in a democratic society, parenting roles in the household are assigned based on gender rather than in a democratic fashion (Winslow-Bowe, 2009). Because of the many responsibilities and obligations that are associated with the female gender, their career paths are eventually affected for the worse. According to Statistics Canada (2001), for every dollar a man earns, a single woman earns 93 cents and a married woman earns 69 cents. These statistics

Although the economic exchange model provides a historical account of why the gendered division of labour may have been an accepted part of life during a time when women’s workforce participation was considered unusual, it is not able to explain why a clear inequality persists in a time of more inclusive workplace involvement (Maher & Singleton, 2003:61). Evidence indicates that women who spend longer hours in paid employment do less unpaid domestic work, clearly owing to a reduction in the available time to perform such tasks (Baxter, 1992:16). The same does not hold true for men, however, with research indicating that less time spent in paid employment is correlated with a reduction in the amount of domestic work undertaken (Bittman et al., 2003:187). Shamir (1986, as cited in Baxter, 1992:403) argues that