What About Chemical Bonds?

* Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.

The identity of each element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus

The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter.

One of these properties is called an electrical charge. Protons have a "positive" (+) charge, electrons have a "negative" (-) charge, and neutrons have no charge, they are neutral.

10. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a polyatomic ion is equals to the charge of the ion.

the old view of atoms as the basic building blocks of the material world and Newtonian physics

  Then in 1661, Irish chemist Robert Boyle supported the philosophers’ theory of how chemical elements are made up of the simplest matter, backing the theory of how matter makes up all life and is the smallest living thing (Doc. 1). But a bombshell happened in 1803 when John Dalton backed up all three theories by discovering that atoms make up all matter, and chemical compounds are made of atoms (OI).

There are many types of chemical bonds and forces that bind molecules together. The two most basic types of bonds are characterized as either ionic or covalent. In the lab we separated Citric Acid, Calcium Chloride, Sucrose, Potassium Iodine, Phenyl Salicylate ,and Sodium Chloride into two groups ionic and Covalent bonds .The Chemical Difference between ionic bonding and covalent bonding is, a covalent bond is formed between two nonmetals that have similar electronegativities. Metals are left half and center of the Periodic Table and Nonmetals are upper right of the Periodic Table. The electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and anions which is the transfer of the

In ionic bonding one atom transfers electrons to another, creating ions with differing electrical charge.

As the size of the negative ion and the charge on the positive ion both increase and the size of the positive ions decrease, the polarisation effect increases. This polar ionic bonding gives many of the atoms covalent characters. Sometimes one of the atoms become so highly polarised that they share the electrons and therefore can create covalent bonds. Covalent bonding takes place where two atoms have a single, unpaired electron in an atomic orbital; these orbitals will therefore overlap so that the two atoms are sharing a pair of electrons. The attraction that holds the atoms together is the force between the electron and the nuclei in each of the atoms.

He stated that this was a mysterious force but never continued his research on it. Then in 460 B.C. there was a philosopher named Democritus. Democritus and his mentor Leocippus posed the question that if he broke bread into multiple pieces how many would breaks would it take until there was no more bread. He then was able to make a few theories being all matter was created of atoms and atoms are solid but not invisible. However, there was a man named Aristotle and many other philosophers who disagreed with Democritus and said matter was composed of four main elements. Earth, fire, air, and water. For example, a liquid was made of water and a stone was made of rock. Therefore, Democritus’s theory “ was rejected by Aristotle, one of the most influential philosophers of Ancient Greece; and the atomic theory was ignored for nearly 2,000 years.”(

In the 18th century, scientists were strongly influenced by theories. In 350 B.C., Aristotle believed that everything was made from fire, earth, air and water. There later was a Greek physician named Galen. He practiced about 500 years after Aristotle. Galen believed that the body had four elements which he called humors. The four

The article “Toward roads that de-ice themselves” can be linked with our “Chemical Bonds” project. This article talks about a chemical compound that would be more efficient in de-icing roads than salt. As stated in the article salt alone wears away fast, and it has to be reapplied almost every day. The solution was a mixture of salt potassium and bitumen. This mixture was just as sturdy as before and it de-iced better than salt. The pros to this were that of it were embedded then it would last for years, it’s a better deicer than salt alone, and it was more effective. The cons were how expensive it would be to embed this compound into the streets. This connects with our “Chemical Bonds” project because it deals with making qualitative observations, chemical compounds, and chemical bonds.

Democritus made the atomic theory widely known, which stated that the universe is composed of two elements: the atoms and the void in which these atoms exist and move. (More, 1646)

At almost the same point in time, Kekule in Germany, and Couper of Scotland suggested that atoms in molecules are fused together by bonds. Their theory was that every atom is distinguished by having the same number of bond availability or valence number, where ever that particular atom appears in any compound. The main notability of organic compounds is having strong carbon to carbon bonds. This was recognized in the theory, and was used to help understand large molecules, possessing many bonded carbon atoms. Carbon is the cement that holds their molecules together. So far, this theory has gone through rigorous testing, and has not been proven inadequate to this day, as of now it is a law.