Momcilo V. Krunic, Miroslav V. Popovic, Vlado M. Krunic, Nenad B. Cetic [4] Energy consumption, indeed, represents one of the essential properties of embedded applications, mainly for those devices whose autonomy depends on battery life. The lack of precise and suitable methodology for energy consumption estimation for embedded applications based on ultra-low power heterogeneous multicore DSP platforms inspired a solution that will be presented by author in this paper. Author developed a plugin for the Eclipse based MIDE (Multicore Integrated Development Environment), in order to facilitate production of energy efficient firmware solutions. Estimation of energy loss has been calculated using instruction-level power analysis, virtual …show more content…
Also equation for instructions using immediate data is developed. R2 value of 0.9 is obtained. A simplified method of software energy estimation is presented. With some approximations, backed by experimental results, lengthy and tedious computation can be avoided. A fairly good value of accuracy is achieved. The results are to be validated with different benchmark covering various areas of applications. S. Nikolaidis, N. Kavvadias, T. Laopoulos, L. Bisdounis, S. Blionas [7]Author created a new proposed work for instruction level energy models for pipelined processors is introduced. This work is based on measuring the instantaneous current drawn by the processor during the execution of the instructions. An appropriate instrumentation set up was established for this purpose. According to the proposed method the energy costs (base and inter-instruction costs) are modeled in relation to a reference instruction (e.g. NOP). These costs incorporate inter-cycle energy components, which cancel each other when they are summed to produce the energy consumption of a program resulting in estimates with high accuracy. This is confirmed by the results. Also the dependencies of the energy consumption on the instruction parameters (e.g. operands, addresses) are studied and modeled in an efficient way.The proposed method has been applied to the ARM7TDMI processor providing an error in estimating of energy consumption of real software kernels less than
IoT developers are increasingly demanding embedded solutions that extend battery life without sacrificing performance. Therefore, PSoC 6 has been purpose-built on a dual-core ARM® Cortex®-M4 and ARM Cortex-M0+ architecture
Nowadays, the major limitations on computation performance are memory access latencies and power consumption. Due to memory access latency, for instance, the recently achieved CPU clock frequency of 5.7 GHz must be constraint to the maximum access speed of off-chip
Dhrystone is especially designed to estimate integer performance of a processor based systems. A particular dhrystone score mentions number of times a fundamental function of a dhrystone source code is executed per second. Better this score is, the better is the performance of a processor. To calculate time taken by a dhrystone fundamental function, dhrystone uses standard “times(2)” function by default. However, “times(2)” provides time values in terms of processor clocks consumed. To have this value in seconds dhrystone also requires specification of clock rate used by a processor. Therefore, it is a convention to provide dhrystone score with a clock rate. However, there is no need of specifying clock rate, if the time calculations are performed using standard “time(NULL)” function. For emulators, time calculations are done using standard “time(NULL)” function. Hence, in this report no clock rates are specified with dhrystone scores associated with
After becoming familiar with the topic we had to create a program. Part of the code again was provided but we had to modify it in order to obtain the specific output instructed. I have to tell you this time I had some questions and frustrations writing the code,
In this section we will show with the aid of a sample of our calculations and using the equations presented in the previous section, how the system throughput can be calculated (using the CIA as a reference).
Measurements together with your new meter quickly expose an influence consumption hierarchy. These ar your computer's power usage levels, from greatest power consumption to least:
In this report the author provides quantifiable results that show the available parallelism. The report defines various terminologies like Instruction Level parallelism, dependencies, Branch Prediction, Data Cache Latency, Jump prediction, Memory-address alias analysis etc. used clearly. A total of eighteen test programs with seven models have been examined and the results show significant effects of the variations on the standard models. The seven models reflect parallelism that is available by various compiler/architecture techniques like branch prediction, register renaming etc. The lack of branch prediction means that it finds intra-block
Abstract. The comparative study between CISC (Complex Instruction Set Com-puter) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) has been a well-known debate subject for many years. In the past, one significant development in com-puter processor technology was the RISC microprocessor. Many argued that RISC devices have offered significant advantages over their conventional CISC counterparts. A brief comparison of the main features of both RISC and CISC processors, as well as a more recent architecture trend, EPIC, are presented.
In the green communications context, this lower limit gives the minimal transmit energy per bit required for reliable communication. Consequently, the efficiency of green communication systems can be measured using the bit-per-Joule (bit/J) metric~\cite{CHEN10, LI11}. This performance metric has been studied taking into account various aspects both with pragmatic and information theoretic approaches~\cite{BELM10}. All communication layers are concerned~\cite{AYAD11, SEAH10} and the cross-layer approach~\cite{MIAO09} is useful for the holistic treatment of the energy consumption
Energy optimization has emerged as a new parameter for query optimization. Research in this area is targeted at improving the query optimizer component to compute and select query plans taking into consideration both SLA based performance goals and energy efficiency. To lower the energy consumption, query optimizers need accurate power models to estimate energy costs. Power cost is calculated by obtaining specifications of hardware components and dividing & computing related estimated time through an iterative approach.
4. Performance Comparison of Dual Core Processors Using Multiprogrammed and Multithreaded Benchmarks ............................................................................................... 31 4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 31 Multiprogrammed Workload Measurements .................................................... 33 4.3 4.4 Multithreaded Program Behavior ..................................................................... 36 5. 6. Related Work ............................................................................................................ 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 41
The CDP would be used to indentify feasible projects the Urban Local Bodies /Parastatal bodies would be responsible for preparing Detailed Project Reports(DPR) for undertaking projects in identified areas. It is essential that the project planning should optimize the life cycle cost of project keeping in mind the O&M costs and their working conditions requirements in order to see JNNURM assistance projects to have to demonstrate and ensure the life cycle cost over the planning period of the project.
The third source of power dissipation is leakage power dissipation. In the MOSFET, the leakage current comprised of six short channel mechanisms. Reverse bias PN junction leakage, sub-threshold leakage, gate oxide leakage, gate current due to hot carrier injection. Gate includes drain leakage and channel punch through current. Among these components the two main contributes
Milena Milenkovic et. al [6] have presented experimental flow for the benchmark tests that determine the organization and size of a branch predictor using on-chip performance monitoring registers. Technical note by Scott McFarling [7] presents discussion on how the implementation leading to degree of instruction-level parallelism plays an advantageous role in boosting computing performance and suggested a method for combining different types of branch predictors for maximizing prediction accuracy for a given predictor size. Yeh and Patt [3] have introduced the idea of dynamically collecting branch history information at two different levels, namely, branch execution history and pattern history; the scheme being