What Is Proactive Interference

The Stroop test consisted two major posters of word lists: Incongruent list and Neutral list. Each poster included 20 words in 2 columns of 10 words each. All letters were stenciled, capitalized and 1 ¾ inches high. Both incongruent and neutral words were listed on the 56 x 71 cm posters Stopwatch with 0.01-second accuracy was used to time to measure how long participants took to read both incongruent and neutral word lists, which is a dependent variable for this experiment.

The Stroop experiment by J. Ridley Stroop in 1935 was performed in order to analyze the reaction time of participant’s stimuli and desired results while also obtaining a collective result of color interference and word reading(Stroop, 1935; Lee & Chan, 2000). In the experiment three forms of the test were given, the first consisting of color patches, the second had the color words printed in black and the other was an incongruent test beaming the color did not match the color word

The Stroop effect was tested on four different tasks. Nineteen Queens College students were recruited by flyer, and each were assigned to a word reading task, color reading task, color inhibition task, and word inhibition task. They were timed using a stopwatch function on a cell phone, to name the color, or word to the quickest of their ability. In the order from longest reaction time to shortest: inhibition color naming task, color naming task, inhibition word reading, and word reading. This study shows that people can read words more quickly than they can name colors, and that inhibiting an automatic response to color/word tasks will take longer to do than tasks that do not involve inhibition.

In another study, five experiments were conducted to determine if coloring a single Stroop element reduced automaticity or slowed the processing of a color. The results demonstrated that indeed it slowed processing of congruent and neutral stimuli more than it slows processing of incongruent stimuli (Monahan, 2001).

An interesting challenge arises when a task such as color naming is identified as both controlled and automatic, by varying the other task involved. Color naming is identified as a controlled process when the other task is word reading, but as an automatic process when the other task is shape naming. Cohen, Dunbar and McClelland (1990) proposed an alternative explanation of the Stroop effect, which does not distinguish between automatic and controlled processing. Instead, they proposed that automaticity is a range, and that Stroop interference depends on the relative degree of learning the particular tasks, not on processing speed.

We often tend to live our everyday lives without paying much attention to the factors that contribute to our every movement and function. Have you ever wondered what triggers your brain to complete simple tasks, such as reading road signs, or knowing how to follow a guided set of instructions? John Ridley Stroop became specifically interested in the part of the brain that measures selective attention [1]. Oftentimes, in order to maintain balance, the brain will carry out the action that is most common and easy and will stop the action that will take more work and effort. The process explained in the previous sentence is known as inhibition, and it regularly occurs in our minds [2]. Stroop gave participants a list of colors, such as green,

Loosli, Rahm, Unterrainer, Weiller, and Kaller (2013) conducted a study investigating life span development of item-specific proactive interference in individual’s working memory. Postle, Brush, and Nick (2004) found that proactive interference is previous important information in working memory (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). Baddeley (1997) found that working memory is the power to maintain information for a short period of time and manipulate the information (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). There are two types of proactive interference; the first one being item-nonspecific proactive interference. This type is when someone remembers information while performing another task that is no longer relevant to the current task they are performing.

The Stroop Effect is a demonstration of how the interference of conflicting information between the brain and the eyes can slow down the reaction time in some tasks. There are two parts to the experiment. A group of words is shown to the subject. The words are names of colors, but each word is written in a color different than the word. In the first test, people are timed to see how long it takes to say the color that is written. For example, if the word was “purple” then the test taker would say “purple”. Then, in the second test, people are timed to see how long it takes to say the color that is written when the word is printed in an ink color that is different from what is written. For example, if the word was “purple” and printed in red ink, then the person would say “red”. Many tests today are done very similarly, although the test that Stroop did was slightly different. ….

We are replicating J.R. Stroop’s original experiment The Stroop Effect (Stroop, 1935). The aim of the study was to understand how automatic processing interferes with attempts to attend to sensory information. The independent variable of our experiment was the three conditions, the congruent words, the incongruent words, and the colored squares, and the dependent variable was the time that it took participants to state the ink color of the list of words in each condition. We used repeated measures for the experiment in order to avoid influence of extraneous variables. The participants were 16-17 years of age from Garland High School. The participants will be timed on how long it takes them to say the color of the squares and the color of the words. The research was conducted in the Math Studies class. The participants were aged 16-17 and were students at Garland High School. The results showed that participants took the most time with the incongruent words.

The study of interference in serial verbal reactions was coined by J.R Stroop and published as a journal of social psychology in 1935. The investigation focused on the interaction of stimuli and the effects on verbal reactions. The psychologists argued that interference of certain stimuli may affect the ease and convenience in performing verbal tasks. This simply means that interaction between certain counteracting stimuli may affect identification and interpretation of related and sequential verbal expected reactions. The most used concept in the experiment is the color stimuli. The authors exposed some students used as study subjects to certain color stimuli.it were evident that there were some difficulties in reading the colors, especially

This experiment was used to test the brain’s ability of speed to recall words and colors. The frontal lobe in the human brain is associated with word meaning. This original experiment was tested on several college undergraduates both males and females, while our experiment used high school students both male and females. Our experiment did support our hypothesis that the brain’s ability to recognize words and colors take a longer time to perceive. As predicted stimulus #3 was difficult for the participants to perform. The brain will send a completely different signal than the one word the participant believed it was going to be. Overall, our experiment expressed the idea that the selective attention theory is correct because the participants needed more time recall the color than the word itself for stimulus #3. Before we conducted the

Introduction When certain actions are repeated enough times, a person will be able to carry out the action without thinking. Cognitive psychologists investigate automation, by making tasks more difficult, in order to understand the underlying mental mechanisms that govern automation. Stroop researched the process and devised the Stroop Experiment. Participants were told to identify the colour of ink, however the ink spelled a different colour. What he found was that reaction time increased when asked to give the colour of the ink that spelled a different colour (e.g. green when it spells yellow).

Psychology has been strategically split into three levels of analysis, biological, cognitive, sociocultural. Each one specific to different process in our brain and its functions. The brain remains a mystery but throughout history researchers big and small have taken it into their own hands to help us understand how it works. For this internal assessment a study pertaining to the cognitive level of analysis will be replicated. The study was originally conducted by J. Ridley Stroop in 1935 under the name : Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions. The same study is commonly known as the Stroop Effect. The aim of this study was to identify to what extent does conflicting stimuli affect verbal serial recognition. For the purposes of

The purpose of this experiment was to see if Interference theory ,the idea of interfering information in the process of learning, will occur when a participant is given a stroop test. A stroop test is used to demonstrate interference in the reaction time of a task. In the case of this test the interference is when the name of a color (e.g., "yellow", "green", or "purple") is printed in a color that is not denoted by the name (e.g., the word printed in a different colored ink instead of the denoted name its given).The effect was named after psychologist John Ridley Stroop he published his findings in 1935. This effect has been used to create a Stroop test that is widely used in psychology and what was used in the experiment to see the effects

Mr Stroop who was the psychiatrist behind this experiment was trying to determine how long it would take his selected participants to read a word list that was made up of words that corresponded with colors (congruent). However there were two conditions one that was straight forward and the other involved the change of colors and words, meaning not all the colors corresponded with the specific word (incongruent). Meaning the color blue could have been placed on the word “green”. He timed his participants and hypothesised that the second condition would take the participants more time and that is exactly what happened. We also believe that will happen and we have changed his experiment up to make the colors be substituted with font types. This is based off the fact that the delay in reading the word apart from the color is the lack of ability one would have to deal with color stimulus and the speed in which they are reading also prevents that.