What Is The Sources Of Information For Estimating The Breeding Value Of The Family

Selective breeding (A.K.A artificial selection) is a procedure in which humans intentionally choose which traits they desire of an organism to pass on to their offspring. Selective breeding is a practice that has been done by humans since hundreds of years ago. Farmers chose crops and cattle with beneficial desirable traits (e.g. larger size) and made them breed. Despite the fact that they did not know the concept of genes and selective breeding, it was probably noticeable to them that when two parents with desirable genes were made to breed, it was very likely for the offspring to inherit these desirable genes. This is now a widely used practice for all sorts of plants and animals in order to achieve offspring with desirable traits. The

Payoff matrix value change in the above three figures, because it is dependent of the fitness. Hawks had less payoff matrix compared to doves even though they were fitter than doves (fig; 1, and 2). Evolutionary stability was achieved at 10% of benefit of winning, coast of injury, loss, and 5% coast of display. The proportion of hawks to doves was 0.583 to 0.417, and the total difference between hawks and dove’s fitness was 0. For allele with different phenotype to exist in a population with equal fitness their allele’s frequency doesn’t have to be the same. In this experiment (fig.3) by decreasing the coast of injury, loss, and coast of display dove’s fitness was increased when they have to compute with hawks, meanwhile by decreasing the coast

---If given traits and parents, be able to use a Punnett square or patterns to predict the probability of offspring for a given cross and express it as a fraction, percent, or ratio.---

There is a better chance of the traits being passed on when sexual selection is at

This lab had 2 exercises. Exercise 9.1 involved observing pictures of 60 F2 offspring and recording the phenotypes for 6 different traits. Exercise 9.2 required us to perform the “chi-square test” to determine whether the data we collected matches the standard Mendelian ratio.

Biological fitness is fundamental to the evolution of species. It is defined both by survival and reproductive success, determined by the contribution to the gene pool of the next generation. Accordingly, the individual that lives the longest and produces the most fertile offspring has the highest fitness. Fitness is hereditary, genetically based, and phenotypically expressed. Natural selection acts on the translation of phenotypic trait variation to maximize performance, to improve and protect the highest fitness state and allow it to go towards fixation. The modification in the genetic makeup of a population over time correlates with an increased average fitness. However, evolution is not linear. Every behavior, every feature

The purpose of this lab is to scientifically expose the most efficient method to maintain heterozygosity within a population that has experienced genetic drift. Two forms of breeding were preformed on a founding group; Random breeding and planned breeding. The methods were repeated over 8 generations to observe the long term effects each had on a

The second prediction deals with sexual selection, a form of natural selection that occurs when certain characteristic (such as colour or sound) in an individual have a higher chance of obtaining mates. To test this prediction, 15 females were added to “Tank 1” a predator free tank, along with 15 dull males, all of which had a spot brightness 7.0 or lower. The simulation ran for approximately 800 days and afterwards 15 males were caught at random and their spot brightness recorded.

The figure below shows the result of multilocus analysis of offspring’s from a large family. Answer the following questions.

Sexual selection determines whether either party is physically attracted and willing to reproduce with the other. Factors that are usually evaluated upon include physical appearance, hygiene, intelligence, maturity, and beliefs. The majority of these factors can be characterized as non hereditary and seen as an argument against the Eugenic ideology, but they are significantly influenced by the child’s household. As the child progresses through his lifetime,

‘Selective breeding is the process by which humans select organisms with desirable traits and breed them together so the trait appears in the next generation. The process is repeated over many generations until the characteristic becomes common. Selective breeding now often uses reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination and marker assisted selection, so that the desirable characteristics of one male can be passed onto many offspring. This increases the rate at which the desirable trait is passed to progeny. Marker assisted selection is a molecular technique used to screen a genome for genetic markers that indicate desirable traits. (*1).

In this lab. I will make birds that breeds from their parents and the birds have mutation and selection by the environment of the most-fit individuals. I want to know which bird is the best fit in the environment.

Comparing the data with the original one, after natural selection and genetic drift, the population of beans decreased in each condition. Also, the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies changed. In each samples, the frequencies of P increases and the frequencies of Q decreased. During this experiment, we supposed yellow beans dead after genetic drift and natural selection, that is said that the green beans best adapted to the environment, so they have more chance to survive than the yellow beans.

Particularly with the observed ducks, the female and male ducks represented sexual selection in that the physical features of the male and female duck are distinctly different from each other. The phenotypes of the female duck is brown and the male duck is male has a green head and a white and dark brown body. This is an example of sexual selection since the mating success is between the females selection of the attractive male ducks and not with the seagulls that are in close proximity. With this selective preference of mating partners, the male ducks with this particular phenotype will be more likely to survive and reproduce male offspring that have this favored

Breeding value of the individual estimated on the basis of the performance of the progeny is called Progeny Testing. If the heritability (h2) of the trait is high and the animal is able to express the trait by itself then individual selection is the best method. But in case of many traits it so happens that the trait is expressed in only one sex (i.e., sex limited traits), or when the trait is expressed after the death of the animal (i.e., slaughter traits), then the breeding value (B.V.) of the animal can be estimated based on the performance of the relatives (dam, sisters and progeny). Where B.V. is the additive genetic value or breeding worth of the animal or the value of the individual based on the mean performance of the progeny.