Who Is John Schumacher's Revolutionary Clergy?

In a time when numerous countries were beginning to explore the new and exciting land of North America during the Age of Exploration, and groups of people from England and Spain were fleeing their home countries either for religious freedom or wealth, vast and civilized colonies began to form all throughout the New World. It is in this context that the colonies founded by the English and the Spanish began to develop and grow. There was a significant difference between the Spanish and New England colonies between 1492 and 1700 in terms of the treatment of indigenous people, and there were some immense similarities between the two colonies in terms of the role of religion in their society and the

      Colonial North America was a multifaceted melting pot of diversities. The amalgamation of different ethnicities, races, cultures and religious organizations created a circumstance in which the identities of the English, Native Americans, Africans and Germans were far from static. The interactions between these four groups helped to build the history of North America, and as such it is pertinent to understand the evolution of their identities. While old world traditions and increased interaction with cultural outsiders predominantly shaped the identities of English colonizers, religious appropriation and reinterpretation

Although the present day American is a totally a different person, at the close of the Revolutionary War the same individual was a European immigrant impacted by the nature of the American continent. In St. Jean de Crevecoeur’s perspective, an American is a race that results from a mixture of Swedes, Dutch, French, Irish, Scotch, and Englishmen (48). This race consists of unique type of people who are not governed by laws as strict as they experienced in Europe. They are a breed of people who had no home and no country in Europe. This paper discusses what the American was thought to be, in view of St. Jean de Crevecoeur’s Letters from an American Farmer.

“Compare and contrast the early colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, and England in terms of motives, economic foundations, and relations with Africans and Native Americans. What factors explain the similarities and differences in the two ventures?”

In this paper, I will discuss how three influential scholars in this order: Augustine, Aquinas, Galileo, delimit science or the bible and the ways their beliefs overlapped or didn’t.

I. Nationalism was most effective for the colonized peoples of India and South East Asia

The role of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain’s conquest and colonization of continental America was a two-fold process whereby under the façade of conversion and control lay the primary goal of gaining wealth, enforcing laws and the inevitable extension of control while condoning the beginnings of European slavery in the Caribbean.[i]

As people experience events in their life, their events help shape and form their opinions, beliefs, and values. Between the 1760’s and 1910’s, when analyzed, it was shown that European’s views on non-European peoples and cultures reflected the intellectual changes of the period. Europeans learned to accept the non-Europeans mainly due to the Enlightened Absolutism that had occurred where enlightened absolute monarchs allowed freedom of speech, religious toleration, and right to hold property. Some causes that resulted in the intellectual change could’ve been the Europeans were influenced by the way a person lived/lifestyles of the non-Europeans, Nationalism, and superiority.

The call of John Winthrop for the Massachusetts Bay colony to be a “City on a Hill” literally meant for the members of the colony to be a spiritual example and guide for others, but also implies the ontological statement of exceptionalism through capital gain. In this paper, the reader will discover the connection between John Winthrop and mercantilism, which is a branch of capitalism that focuses on merchants trading using the government to help regulate the expansion of capital. In addition, the content of this paper will extrapolate on the pragmatic implications of this economic system and its effects on the people involved. John Winthrop’s sermon, “On the Model of Christian Charity,” establishes a pre-capitalist ideology through the presupposition of Winthrop’s personal/political beliefs, Puritan thought, and the manifestation of these thoughts actualized in the marginalization of Native Americans.

H. Breen argues that the emergences of a sense of their own common cultural identity among the colonists evolves, more than anything else, from the exercising of consumer choice within the colonial market implemented by British mercantilists policies (Breen 99). By promoting the development of a colonial market, Britain was unintendedly fueling an unprecedented cultural transformation, fueled by seemingly harmless commercial transactions that were shaping the colonists’ collective mindfulness, into a sense of common cultural identity that would eventually take the form of social and political resistance against the wrongs of government (Breen 99). However, the merits of Breen’s argument seem to require emphasizing the colonists’ alleged disparities prior to the development of a colonial market, as well as overlooking their obvious similarities, such as those derived from their common Christian background. While Breen’s argument explores the merits of materialism as a contributor to connecting a dispersed population in solidarity, he subordinates the merits of a multiplicity of causes to his ideological interpretation of history, failing to provide significant support to tie that

Published in 2016, this secondary source was written using a variety of references by Thomas Brinkerhoff, a Ph.D. student studying Colonial Latin America and Global Empires and Imperial Legacies at the esteemed University of Pennsylvania. Brinkerhoff’s academic credibility

Furthermore, Richard’s preface reveals yet another goal of his for writing this book. For the scholar, this book is aimed to vividly connect ideologies separated by literally thousands of years, but Richard believes that the stories he illustrates are essential for all to know; fundamental history that, he believes, is not shown clearly enough through modern education. “Its purpose is not to extend the frontiers of knowledge but rather to reintroduce Americans to a lost part of their heritage in a way that I hope will be both informative and entertaining,” (Richard x).

Shortly thereafter, whether answering a call from God, or at the urging of the Reverend Sicco Tjady, Frelinghuysen came to America, because the Dutch population needed ministers./ along with his wife Eva Terhune, a farmer 's daughter; and five sons that all entered the ministry, and two daughters that married clergymen,/ Eloquent and vigorous, Frelinghuysen’s ministry stimulated community intellectual life, trained several ministers, and his preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ had a reforming effect, and significant revivals followed./ Unbeknownst to some, Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen; a Dutch Reformed clergyman, and noted exhorter initiated the Great Awakening in America 's middle colonies.

Erez Manela’s The Wilsonian Moment Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism is a monograph that attempts to reconstruct the story of colonial world at the end of Wilsonian moment. The book’s title, The Wilsonian Moment is alluding to the crucial period that lasted from autumn of 1918 to spring of 1919, when the Allied victory were confident that President Woodrow Wilson’s ideas for a new world will become successful until the terms of the Treaty of Versailles became public and the failure of the Wilson’s promise became evident. Erez Manela says, “The focus of this book is on the specific significance of Wilsonian moment in the colonial world, defined broadly as the dependent or semi dependent territories that encompassed at the time almost all of Asia and Africa”(8). Manela demonstrates how Woodrow Wilson’s post-war rhetoric on self-determination, a concept that firmly believes all nations should be able to determine for their futures and governance impacted several anti colonial movements by using Egypt, India, China, and Korea as case studies. In these case studies, Manela explicitly exhibits how colonized countries received and interpreted Wilson’s rhetoric, and applied it to their local struggle for independence. These four countries actively fought for their independence, but their arguments were dismissed at the Paris Peace Conference for different reasons. Manela tells us,” The “revolt against the West,” emerged “not from the

In the history of the Catholic Church, no episode is so contested by so many viewpoints as the condemnation of Galileo. The Galileo case, for many, proves the Church abhors science, refuses to abandon outdated teachings, and is clearly not infallible. For staunch Catholics the episode is often a source of embarrassment and frustration. Either way it is undeniable that Galileo’s life sparked a definite change in scientific thought all across Europe and symbolised the struggle between science and the Catholic Church.