Wilson-Cleary Model

Million of Americans go through the blues and sad moments from clinical depression each year. Most patients with depression first seek treatment from a therapist or a primary care provider. However, exercise is a developmental behavior intervention that has displayed strong promise in alleviating symptoms of depression. The objective is examine whether physical activity is associated with depression in an average size population based on gender and age. A total of 310 participates ( 123 Male and 184 females and 3 other ) of UO students and other random volunteered to participate. All participants age ranged from 14 to 99, had to completed two self- report questionnaires. Besides answering question on their exercise habits during the past week, also took into account that all participants also completed CES-D questionnaire that determine their depression levels. In the surveyed there was a lower level of depression with more frequent weekly exercise give it a negative correlation. Also with the duration question, showed a significant negative correlation with the levels of depression. The efficiency of exercise in reducing depression cannot be determined because of the small size of participates and the lack of excellent quality research on population with adequate follow up

Only in the past 5 to 10 years, BMI as a surrogate of adiposity has been evaluated for PC incidence, but the relation between BMI and aggressive PC is still not fully evaluated [4]. An epidemiologic study reported that obesity may be protective

Some hypothesize that moderate levels of exercise will decrease the symptoms of mental health conditions (Blumenthal et al., 2007; Diaz & Motta, 2008; Motta, Kuligowski, & Marino, 2010; Rosenbaum, Nguyen, Lenehan, Tiedemann, van der Ploeg, & Sherrington, 2011) and therefore be used as an alternative or complimentary treatment option for mental health (Libby, Pilver, & Desai, 2012).

Yet, older adults appear remarkably adept at maintaining positive affect in the face of pain. For instance, older and younger chronic pain patients do not differ in their level of positive psychological wellbeing, despite older adults experiencing pain longer and more intensely (Boggero, Geiger, Segerstrom, & Carlson, under review; Edwards & Fillingim, 2001; Sorkin et al., 1990). Relative to younger pain patients, older pain patients report better quality of life, marital and social satisfaction, and mood (Cook & Chastain, 2001; Rustøen et al., 2004). Additionally, changes in pain appear unrelated to changes in psychological wellbeing (Phelan & Heidrich, 2007), and older adults who reported “extreme” pain had similar levels of satisfaction with life than those who reported having “no” or “moderate” pain (Lohmann, Heuft, Schneider, & Kruse, 1998). Taken together, the extant literature suggests that older adults maintain positive affect in the face of pain at least as well as their younger counterparts. Still, little is known about how older adults maintain positive affect in the face of pain, or what makes some older adults better able to cope with pain than others (Keefe & Williams,

Failde at al. (2013) Factors associated with chronic pain in patients with bipolar depression: a cross-sectional study [Online], BMC Psychiatry. Available at www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/13/112 (Accessed 20 October 2016).

Statistical Techniques. This study was exploratory in nature, to determine if depression symptoms correlated or shared longitudinal relation to either SOP or SSP. As a result, all of the statistical techniques were descriptive in nature. Researchers

Since 1990s, many scientists agree that exercise has positive impacts on people’s physical health and mental health (SIME WE, 1987). From Morgan and O’Connor’s research, people can reduce stress and state anxiety by doing physical activities; also gain emotional pleasure from the process (Morgan and O’Connor, 1988). Later in 1997, Landers states that physical activities can reduce people depression after weeks of regular and routine exercise. In addition, people can benefit from more

He cites Rosen (1960) who states that “severe depressive states sometimes present in the disguise of somatic pain”.

The SF-12 questionnaire was used to assess the health status of the subjects. The data was looked at sorting by gender differences and the activity level categories as they wanted to know these differences. The results showed a significant effect between physical activity levels and health status but there was not a significant change when looking at health status when separating by gender. The effect found between physical activity levels and mental health showed that 150 minutes was sufficient to increase mental health. For all physical activity over 150 minutes there was not an increase to show the subjects continued to increase their health status.

Exercise or activity level/Fitness - I used to exercise daily with my daughter before I go to work for an hour. Currently, it affected my health status such as my blood pressure has decreased, alertness, memory, unable to focus, weight gain, irritable and I easily get tired.

People experiencing depression would be likely to experiencing due to the phycological nature of the illness. The association between depression and pain perception was studies suggest that individuals suffering from depression are more suceptible to pain. The study found that patients major depressive disorder showed an increased pain sensitivity. That although patients with depression are more likely to report experiencing pain the evidence regarding altered pain sensitivity is inconclusive. Although it is impossible to fully understand the link between depression and pain perception. Evidence pertaing to the involvement of depression and altered pain sensitivity remains inconclusive. It is widely understood that the effect of depression

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.

A mixed-effect model of repeated measure analysis showed no significant between-group differences for HR (Figure 2) and DBP (Figure 4). On the contrary, the averaged total HR, regardless of the groups, showed a statistically significant change over time (p-value=0.0043 in Table 2). The overall group-by-time interaction for the mixed-model was statistically significant only for SBP (p-value=0.0105) in that PA group had significantly reduced SBP while the placebo group had increased SBP during-intervention. The 95% CI of the change in SBP (1.65 to 4.25 mmHg) exceeded the minimal detectable change (MDC) of 4.16 mmHg (Yung et al 2014) for some individuals. The post-hoc analysis revealed that the changed SBP during-intervention was significantly different between the PA and the PA-P group (p-value=0.003 in Figure 3). The between-group differences were no longer significant at post follow-up. Males had statistically higher SBP than females overall (p-value=0.0027 in Table

Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A., Moore, K.A., Craighead, W.E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M.A., Forman, L.M., Appelbaum, M., Doraiswamy, P.M., and Krishnan, K.R. (1999) Effects of Exercise Training on Older Patients With Major Depression. Archives of International Medicine 159(19), 2349-2356.

Exercise may be one of the most important influences on your overall health to date. While the only benefits that are mainly focused on are the physical benefits, significant psychological impacts can also be linked to exercise. Although some of these benefits aren’t viewed with much enthusiasm, studies have proven that exercise can actually improve one’s quality of life greatly by increasing not only their physical health but their mental health as well. It is because of this that exercise is a