The Function of Eriko in Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen
In Banana Yoshimoto’s novel, Kitchen, the character Eriko essentially embodies the innovation and changing values of modern industrial Japan. Eriko, a beautiful and confident transgender woman, symbolises the collapse of gender and gender boundaries that postmodern thought had introduced to Japanese society. She embraces the traditional domestic role of a woman, yet simultaneously displays the masculine characteristics of aggression and bravado, reflecting a subversion of the traditional gender binaries of pre-industrial Japan, as well as the capacity to recreate one’s own identity in postmodern society. Eriko’s characterisation is also strongly influenced by the 1980s consumer culture to
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This fluidity reflects Yoshimoto’s engagement with the postmodern, feminist focus on the individual to oppose traditional gender distinctions in society. Firstly, Yoshimoto highlights Mikage’s admiration for Eriko’s feminine beauty through the listing of her physical attributes: “Hair that rustled like silk to her shoulders; the deep sparkle of her long, narrow eyes; well-formed lips, a nose with a high, straight bridge” (Yoshimoto, 2001, p.11). The simile of ‘hair that rustled like silk’ establishes Eriko’s beauty as luxurious and delicate. Yoshimoto establishes Mikage’s awestruck tone at Eriko’s facial features through the listing of multiple positive adjectives, conveying her deep enthrallment with her beauty. In using such extended physical descriptions, Yoshimoto renders Eriko’s gender revelation more profound as when Yuichi flippantly conveys “Guess what else – she’s a man” (Yoshimoto, 2001, p.13). Yoshimoto’s use of paradox in ‘she’s a man’ reveals Eriko’s ability to transcend traditional gender binary and inhabit both genders. Indeed, Yoshimoto also emphasises Eriko’s masculine traits as “she died fighting” (Yoshimoto, 2001, p.45). Traditionally, Japanese women are viewed as passive and submissive (Mihm, 1998, p.20). However, Eriko subverts these gender boundaries, as conveyed through the culturally masculine connotations of ‘fighting’. She beats the …show more content…
Japanese society is traditionally collectivist; however, this dynamic had been challenged by industrialism and consumer culture, which elevated individual agency (Mihm, 1998, p.37-38). Mikage and Yuichi exist as individuals and clearly illustrate this cultural phenomenon: they do not seem to belong to any societal group and remain isolated during tragedy. Following Eriko’s death, Mikage and Yuichi are geographically separated and emotionally distant, relying on phone conversations. Mikage listens to Yuichi’s depressed speech, but finds it difficult to connect with his emotional needs: “Did he want to cry, did he want to laugh hysterically, did he want to have a long talk, did he want to be left alone?” (Yoshimoto, 2001, p.46) The anaphora of ‘did he want’ in the repetitive rhetorical questions suggests Mikage’s uncertainty and the emotional distance between the two. Yet the grief caused by Eriko’s death functions to ultimately unite Yuichi and Mikage. The simile in “I closed my eyes, just listening to that voice I missed so much. It was like lonely waves against the shore” (Yoshimoto, 2001, p. 90) suggests Mikage’s instinctive relief upon hearing Yuichi’s comforting, familiar voice. The ‘waves’ symbolise her and Yuichi meeting, conveying their close
Because of the imposed judgments placed on Miss Sasagawara, she became aloof and withdrawn from society, until misery seeps in. Her admission to the hospital on the assumption she had appendicitis when it was not the case as was verified by the doctor since “her [blood] count’s all right” (25), subtly suggests that what Miss Sasagawara may really be suffering from was the lack of concern for her emotional wellbeing instead of a physical illness.
How do the works of Yasumasa Morimura, Julie Rrap and Anne Zahalka challenge conventional ways in which gender has been depicted historically in the visual arts?
Prime examples of characters who refuse to conform to society’s gender roles are Tita from Like Water for Chocolate, Julia in her poem “To Julia de Burgos”, and Oscar from The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. These characters have to face gender roles
Women were loyal to their culture and focused on how they could best serve their nation. They lacked power and were forced to abide by their domestic role. It was difficult for women to achieve their goals as an individual before Kitchen. Men on the other hand had few domestic roles, which gave them more freedom. That said, the idea of gender in Yoshimoto’s writing in particular, follows no conventions that would be patriarchal in nature where gender roles were defined. In contrast, Yoshimoto’s novel she demonstrates how women and men had a difficult time relating to each other. Though the female protagonist, Mikage, we are able to see this modern persona of the Japanese female. This persona is an independent individual, in control of her own
As a result of the abuse female characters have faced, it has become an objective for authors to prevent this. There have been clear strides recently, putting women as the protagonists, and not in a manner that has them dealing with persecution. The amount of strong, female characters is a large stride in the right direction to end the conflict regarding women’s roles in literature. However, this sudden influx of women in literature may lead to the reversal of the issue; the absence or abuse of men. While certainly literary equality is the end goal, to flip the issue would be just as bad and lead to sexism on the opposite spectrum. To truly mend the rift between genders, there must be no discrimination, the idea that an author is trying to use sexist undertones by not writing the lead as a female should not have to be an idea that readers think about when analyzing modern books. While even still there are issues of gender inequality in literature, there must be moderation from both ends for a resolution to be possible. The only way for equality to be achieved is with the absence of sexist ideals from all
Society sets up a norm of how a person should handle their duties creating gender identities. Tradition comes to play with the aspect of how females should conform to these identities. It limits women’s perspective on themselves because society habitually views women doing domestic work in the kitchen such as making food, cleaning, and taking care of people. Therefore, it creates gender expectations and people conform to this notion even to some amount in modern households. However, the novel Like Water for Chocolate, by Laura Esquivel views the kitchen as an individual source of self-expression that liberates feminine terrain as well.
Your _____ depends on whether you were born with distinct male or female genitals and a genetic program that released either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system.
To continue the idea of feminism on a rise, sexuality over repression is revealed through Edna’s dialect and actions express her true emotions about her sexuality with little regard to other people’s perceptions of her. As many women are soon to follow, Edna chooses art over the typical domestic duties during her daily life by going against what society is expected of woman during her time. As Edna’s character continues to develop, she manifests the quintessential model of a feminist throughout the novella.
Frank Heywood, a female crossdresser, proves that women can do the same work as men. However, she can only succeed in doing so by rejecting her birth gender. Instead of doing housework and aspiring to marriage, Frank states that her work “must be father, mother, wife and children to me” (p. 302). She claimed that by giving up her womanhood, “I could go about unquestioned. No man insulted me, and when I asked for work, I was not offered outrage…I resolved to carve out for myself a place in the world as a man, and let death alone reveal my secret and prove what a woman can do” (p. 366-67). While Mrs. Bludgett is beaten, Flora is trapped in a loveless marriage, and Laura is abducted, Frank is free to work and do as she pleases. Her success in doing so proves Blake’s point that “gender” is a socially constructed and ridiculous concept. Blake succeeds in portraying the constant battles of women and through her examples of heartless treatment and behaviors from men. It’s important to note that Frank is the only women who truly succeeds in beating the
Gender roles are undeniably a fundamental topic of critique in literature, particularly since expected gender roles have evolved in recent years. More importantly, the transcendence of these gender expectations indicates the possibility for transformation and increasing liberation in society. History explores many different stages for the sexes and their respective roles, from traditional anti-feminist times in which certain roles were strictly enforced, to more modern beliefs entailing free will and a lack of restrictions. In spite of this progress, there are always those who expedite the process while there are others that hinder development from occurring, even when it is necessary. Literary works in particular serve as a showcase
Throughout history, it has generally been accepted that women are of a lesser standard than that of their male counterparts. There has always been an opposition to this theory that believes that the reverse is true, or at the very least, that the sexes are equal. While some authors place women within their works solely as a filler character, or as support of their male lead, there are some that have written with the intent of the females offering a distinctive viewpoint than that of what the readers might be used to. The roles of women in literature have never been forced to be monotonous, yet that’s how they’ve been perceived. However, there are examples of female characters who have been written with the express purpose of breaking that
Both men and women are faced with the cultural strains of gender norms. Although one can sympathize for both genders, historically speaking, women have faced significantly more repercussions. In Amy Tan’s, Two Kinds, the theme of feminine oppression is represented by the symbolism of the song in which the main character, Ni kan, must recite as a child. The song she recites is called “Pleading Child” and she only realizes that the song has a second half called “Perfectly Contented” until adulthood. The two contrasting pieces of music represent the defiance of women to standards of femininity set by the patriarchy. This is showcased by the relationship between Ni kan and her mother who symbolize women living in a patriarchal society and the patriarchy itself, respectively. Moreover, their relationship reflects the oppression of women by the ideologies of; undermining a woman’s value, denying a woman’s choice and the disagreement between the sexes.
Hildebrand’s “The Masculine Sea” is found within the journal American Literary Realism; therefore, it can be concluded that her intended audience is: readers of American literature, realist literature, late 19th- and early 20th-century literature, and any overlaps of these. In this essay, Hildebrand uses The Awakening and other sources to argue for her thesis: Edna’s self-identifications of gender, race, and class contribute to how and why she commits suicide. There are two main themes of Hildebrand’s argument for gender identity influencing Edna’s death: Edna’s relationship with Adele, Madame Reisz, and the Colonel, and Edna’s understanding of art and the world. In exploring the gendered expectations and realities of The Awakening and of 19th-and 20th-century women, Hildebrand is engaging with a gender criticism perspective; similarly, because Hildebrand’s arguments are all about deconstructing binaries and unearthing hierarchies, there is also some poststructuralism going on. A final literary criticism that Hildebrand draws on, though more lightly than others, is postcolonialism; because Hildebrand makes connections between the racial and class expectations of masculinity that Edna possesses.
Rashomon (1950) is a film by Akira Kurosawa that deals with themes of truth, humanity, and morality. There are multiple approaches one could take to analyze this iconic film, this essay will focus on how each character performs their gender and how that affects how they are perceived by the other characters. While there are obviously many different personalities within each social class, these characters are primarily identified by their roles in society: the bandit, the husband, the wife, the commoner, the priest, and the woodcutter. These archetypes play out their gender roles through both how they present themselves in their own tellings, as well as how they are utilized as characters in the film, in fascinating ways.
In Christina Rossetti’s poem Goblin Market, Laura is saved from death through the bond of Sisterhood: a female power that embodies both traditionally feminine and masculine characteristics and values. Ross Murfin’s essay “What is Feminist Criticism?” feminist criticism, in the study of literature, is described as a criticism that examines how the values and attitudes of patriarchal societies affect the portrayal and expression of women in text (186-194). French feminists have focused on analyzing the way meaning is produced and have concluded that a gender binary is formed by language (186-187). Meaning is created by what a thing is not; for example, men are men because they are not women. The gender binary determines what things are masculine and what are feminine. This essay will adopt a feminist perspective and examine the gender roles (the behaviours, expectations, characteristics and values assigned to each gender by a society’s gender binary) depicted in Goblin Market. The primary focus will be on how gender roles affect the actions and decisions made by Laura and Lizzie throughout the poem and how sisterhood, a construct that blurs the gender binary, is the means that saves Laura’s life.