Essay on terrorism

This paper will define The Effects of Trauma and Crisis on Clients and Mental Health Counselors and give a brief overview on how these Natural and man-made disasters, crises, and other trauma-causing events have become a focus of the clinical mental health counseling profession. Due to the extreme trauma that children, adolescents and adult experience after a traumatic event it, is noted that most individuals that are exposed to traumatic experience usually develop major depression, generalized anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) later in

These reactions can include; deep personal hurt/betrayal, feelings of powerlessness/vulnerability, anger or sadness, fear for personal and family's safety or even changes in lifestyle (where they walk, how they answer the phone,their reactions to strangers).” psychological problems like, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anger, taking as much as 5 years for a victim to overcome the psychological effects from an attack.

PTSD was first taken seriously when the Vietnam veterans returned from the war. Combat experience is the most commonly linked to this disorder. However, studies have shown that there are many different causes. These studies were applied to a wide variety of traumas that people have experienced in various horrific events. According to The National Institute of Mental Health, “about 4% of American adults ages 18-54 suffers from PTSD in a given year. These people have served in wars, have been raped or mugged, lived through natural disasters, terrorist attacks or car or plane crashes” (Mitchell). Anyone who experiences an unnerving situation is at risk for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD is seen as more of an archaic disorder in the

Post-traumatic stress disorder, better known as PTSD, is steadily becoming a more relevant topic of conversation in our society today. Recently this disorder has received a lot of attention due to the conflicts our military personnel are currently engaged in around the world. Another event that brought PTSD to forefront were the tragedies of 9/11. PTSD is one of the rare disorders that are a direct result of an outside traumatic event. Make no mistake about it, PTSD might be a relatively newly diagnosed disorder, but it has been around for many years. Our military servicemen had reported these conditions for many years before, now we finally have a It is an unfortunate truth that many people in our society are involved in traumatic

When a person suffers or endures an extremely tragic event in their life, they can end up suffering from Post Traumatic Stress ( Disorder), or PTS(D . PTS(D) is “ an anxiety disorder that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which severe physical harm occurred or was threatened” (Psychology Today). When coming back from war, Many people suffer from Survivor's guilt, a mental condition where someone thinks they have done something wrong by surviving a tragic event that someone else did not.(The evolution of mental disturbances in the concentration camp syndrome). As well as Survivor’s guilt, people also can suffer from extreme depression. When people become depressed, one of the

First responders experience much of the same psychological trauma, as they are exposed to the threat of death, and witness the destruction firsthand. Many detach themselves during their work as a coping mechanism but are unable to completely reconnect themselves with reality. Additionally, the jobs of the emergency personnel require frequent exposure to disastrous situations, making it difficult for first responders to completely recover, due to repeated exposure to triggering stimuli (Bunney). As they are exposed to the same situations as the victims, first responders are also at risk of developing mental disorders like PTSD. This evidence shows that people directly exposed to terrorism experience mental disorders at a higher rate. Due to the magnitude of the potential psychological damage a bioterrorist attack could cause, it makes government preparation imperative for minimizing the damage done to direct victims.

Since September 1, 2001, America has been involved in warfare in the Middle East with over 2.2 million men and women serving in combat zones experiencing more tours, higher levels of perceived risk and more cultural integration within ranks than ever seen in history (Crocker, Powell-Cope, Brown & Besterman-Dahan, 2014). According to Clark-Hitt, Smith and Broderick (2012) 14% of returning veterans are diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which they define as “an anxiety disorder that may occur following exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened”. In a military setting these events could consist of an environment of repeated bombing or threat of death, watching a comrade die, killing another human-being, even witnessing immoral violence on a daily basis. According to work done by Polusny et al. (2008) exposure to traumatic events can be a contributor to the perception of a lesser health status, an increase in physical health illness and increasing health care utilization and cost. Polusny et al. (2008) focused their research on the relationship between natural disaster trauma and physical health with a finding that natural disasters that produce PTSD symptom clusters do effect an individual’s physical health as well as the health care of the effected community for some time after said disaster. This paper however focuses on PTSD as it pertains to physical symptoms of American soldiers

The occurrence of a traumatic event does not produce the negative reactions for most people, but rather the amount of exposure to the event (MacGeorge et al., 2007). The higher the amount of exposure the more severe the distress and reactions. Those who had little exposure to the event can still experience negative outcomes and adverse effects on their health. Stress can be healthy to us as it allows us to focus on the matter at hand and get work done. However, stress can also be damaging to our physical and mental health. Prolonged stress can produce lasting emotions that surpass the original source. Depression and anxiety can even occur to those with a low exposure because of the stress associated with the events. Physical health can also be damaged from the symptoms of stress in a long-term environment. Those who had a direct exposure of the attacks more commonly experienced disorders such as PTSD and clinical depression. (MacGeorge et al., 2007). Those who had a low exposure had a higher sense of closure, the feeling that a bad experience has ended and a normal life can be lived again. This high closure resulted in higher psychological well-being, and those who had a lower closure were found to have psychological distress (Adler & Poulin, 2009). People who had a higher closure to the events of 9/11 were able to put aside the adverse impact and move on with their lives. They were able to put away the stress and worry, while those who had a low closure clung to the events and held longingly on to the

Although PTSD is not limited to solely service men and women, it can occur in children and civilians, who encounter tragic circumstances, such as those related to sexual trauma, physical assault, serious accidents and terrorist attacks, like the individuals who witnessed firsthand, the September 11th terrorist attack on the world trade center. In any case,

According to a study done by the Nebraska Department of Veteran Affairs, “An estimated 7.8 percent of Americans will experience PTSD at some point in their lives, with women (10.4%) twice as likely as men (5%) to develop PTSD”. The common reasons for men to get PTSD is rape, combat exposure, childhood neglect, and childhood physical abuse. Women are more susceptible to PTSD because of rape, sexual molestation, physical attack, being threatened with a weapon, and childhood physical abuse. In 2013, the Boston marathon was bombed and 3 people died and over 200 were injured. Only a minority of people who were exposed to this attack as well as the subsequent manhunt and city wide shut down, will develop PTSD because the brain has other ways to heal itself. Some might develop relatively temporary anxiety and/or depression for example, they may have “survivor’s guilt”. Where the person who goes through a life-threatening experience and lives becomes depressed because he/she believes that they should not have been the one to live or they feel like it might be their fault that they were the ones to cause the incident in the first place. But for most, they will have the usual emotional response but will not have any illness at all. The most common place most people hear about PTSD might be from the news when they talk about the soldiers who come back from war. A study by the RAND Center for Military Policy Research shows that, out of 2.7 million Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans, more than 20% of veterans will be diagnosed with PTSD or have signs of PTSD. Out of those 20%, studies show that 5% to 50% of veterans will not seek out treatment and those who do only report “minimally adequate” treatment

PTSD affects 7.7 million American adults, but it can occur at any age (NIMH, PTSD, Who is at risk). The sight of violence and death leaves lasting effects on people. How do you think those people cope with what they saw when the Twin Towers went down? How do people cope with such traumatic experiences? The events that lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can impact one’s life, fortunately there are ways to treat it.

PTSD may be the sole result or contribute to an individual’s outcome depending on the scenario. Soldiers who go away to war were constantly surrounded by gunshots, yelling, bombs, and loud noises, which may cause them to be paranoid once they return home. Adverse effects are still haunting survivors of the holocaust who were only innocent kids at the time. The most horrifying recent events that have affected our nation include the Boston Marathon bombing and the terrorist attack on the twin towers on September 11, 2001. The repercussions of these events are still evident in today’s society. Although

Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is sometimes considered to be a relatively new diagnosis, as it first appeared in 1980, the concept of the disorder has a long history. That has often been linked to the history of war, but the disorder has also been frequently described in natural disasters, mass catastrophes, and serious accidental injuries. The diagnosis first appeared in terminology when Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-I was published in 1952 under the name “Gross stress reaction”. It was misplaced, however, in the next edition in 1968, after a long period of next peace. When DSM-III was developed in the mid-1980s the recent

Homeland security was founded under the Bush administration in 2003 due the attacks of September 11 was forever stay in the mind of the American public. It was a tragic event that scared the nation. The 9-11 attacks claimed 2,996 lives that included 19 hijackers. Neria, DiGrande, & Adams, (2011) reported that an extensive amount of the post-9/11 research revealed that in the subsequent 10 years, individuals with greater contact to 9/11 had substantially higher PTSD issues. The PTSD was correlated with other factors (SES, social support, loss of life). For example, Yehuda (2002) showed that lower socioeconomic background is related to an increased risk for PTSD. The rate of PTSD symptoms in subjects examined increased to 19 percent, a five percent rise from the survey performed on about 71,000 registrants two to three years following the attacks (Twemlow, Sacco, Ramzy, & Nadia,2011). Chemtob, Madan, Berger, &Abramovitz, (2011) assessed the relationship between different types of trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and suicidal ideation among New York City adolescents one year after the World Trade Center attacks. The study found notable associations between trauma exposure, PTSD, and increased suicidal ideation in adolescents. Internationally, youth residing in war zones are even more exposed to traumatic events. For example, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents is estimated to be 5–8% in

Post traumatic stress disorder is an acute stress disorder caused by experiencing an extremely traumatic event which develops within the first hours or days after a traumatic event. Some people who may experience PTSD are soldiers who have been in war and people who have been raped or had near-death experiences. In our textbook, PTSD is define as an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience (Myers,2008). After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, some people were afraid to board airplanes and the security protocols at the border and airports were tighten to