. Disabling surface protease enzymes on lung cells would most likely interfere with what stage of viral reproduction? A). Viral RNA replication. B). Virus binding to the host cell. C). Formation of new virus membranes in the host cell. D). Creation of new spike protein.

Q: How fast can a virus evolve?

A: Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned…

Q: Describe the structural features of the human immunodeficiency virus and the host cell membrane that…

A: Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two human-infecting species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of…

Q: Describe the process of viral reproduction.

A: Viral reproduction includes six stages: attachement, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly,…

Q: How is the replication of the viral genome of retroviruses unique amoung viruses?

A: Retroviruses belong to the virus family Retroviridae.

Q: Describe the physical structure, life cycle, clinical relevance and mode of

A: Physical structure of HIV virus The abbreviation HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, and…

Q: Why is it inaccurate to refer to the “growth” of viruses?

A: Viruses are infection agents that contain a core of genetic material that is either RNA or DNA. They…

Q: Which of the following is a common order of the steps in a viralreproductive cycle? (Note:…

A: Viruses are sub microscopic infectious agents. They can infect all types of organisms from plants…

Q: An animal virus can become latent inside the host cell as a provirus, What happens in this process…

A: Latent period is also known as the latency period or the pre-infectious period. Latent period is the…

Q: What are the similarities and differences among viral genomes?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: How big can a virus get?

A: Viruses are infectious agents that replicate insides the cell of living beings. These infect all…

Q: Describe the structural features of the human immunodeficiency virusand the host cell membrane that…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent. It replicates only inside the living cells of an…

Q: Can herpes virus transmit the viral genome through generations within a cell lineage ?

A: Herpes virus's linear viral DNA enters the nucleus after infection and turns circular to form the…

Q: How does the wavelength of light relate to its energy? What are the two main types of viral…

A: The sun is the ultimate source of energy. Sunlight consist of many waves of lights having different…

Q: Do viruses respond to stimuli? Is there evidence?

A: Viruses are nonliving particles that cause a variety of diseases such as measles and chickenpox. The…

Q: What is the source of energy and raw materials for the synthesis of viruses in a host cell?

A: Viruses are defined as the infectious microorganisms formed of genetic material either RNA or DNA…

Q: What accounts for the affinity of viruses for certain hosts or tissues?

A: The direct damage or death from the viral infection may occur from the diversion of energy of the…

Q: a. What characteristics of viruses could be used to characterize them as lifeforms?b. What makes…

A: Viruses: These are submicroscopic and non cellular infectious agent that replicate only inside the…

Q: What is the significance of the length of a typical viral genome?

A: A virus refers to an infectious particle which can infect a variety of host including humans,…

Q: What is the function of the viral

A: Functions of the viral capsid:   The main functions of viral capsids are to protect, transport, and…

Q: Which of the following processes occurs in both lytic and nonlytic viral infections?(i) Infected…

A: Statement (i) Infected cell ruptures to release viral particles is only limited to lytic cycle…

Q: Identify the Two principal means by which animal viruses penetrate?

A: Animal viruses, like most viruses, are small packets of protein and nucleic acid. They have a…

Q: Give three examples of host cell proteins that are used by viruses, and in each case describe which…

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious agent which replicates inside the host cells. Virus can…

Q: After attachment and entry, the next step of viral lifecycle is to…

A: To complete their life cycle, the viruses require a host cell. This is due to the fact that they…

Q: Why is it essential that negative-strand viruses carry an enzymein their virions?

A: Negative-strand viruses are RNA viruses that have a negative sense genome that is single stranded…

Q: What is the shape and size of viruses?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: Why can’t new viruses be completely assembled in the nucleus of the host?

A: Viruses cannot entirely replicate in the nucleus since all the translationary machinery is in the…

Q: Which type of virus is theHIV? What is the enzymereverse transcriptase presentin HIV?

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: What is unusual about genome replication in pox viruses?

A: Poxviruses are oval-shaped viruses that contain large double-stranded DNA. Poxviruses are found…

Q: explain briefly the steps involved in the viral multiplication cycle. How is each step important?…

A: The virus is an intracellular obligate infective agent that mainly consists of a nucleic acid…

Q: What is the role of a capsid in a virus?

A: Virus is a nucleoprotein entity which able to utilize the synthetic machinery of a living cell of…

Q: Why are viral diagnoses difficult? Because they are very small and hard to see Because they rarely…

A: Virus  An Infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is…

Q: the following are the functions of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? i) it hydrolyzes the host…

A: Retrovirus This virus uses RNA as its genomic material. This virus inserts a copy of its genome into…

Q: Poxviruses are unusual among DNA viruses because their replication cycles takes place entirely in…

A: Introduction The Family Parvoviridae Includes Parvoviruses, Which Are A Group Of Animal Viruses.…

Q: Which structure of a virus protects it from degradation, contains its genome, and enables it to be…

A: Virus is a microscopic organism that vary in size and shape and cause harmful infectious diseases.…

Q: Why are virus genomes small?

A: Viruses are intracellular, obligate parasites, which replicates only inside the living cells of an…

Q: Why do we use such terms as infectious  particles, agents, or active or inactive when referring to…

A: Viruses are microscopic organisms. They are obligate parasites as they do not have their own…

Q: What mediates the assembly when new viruses are being assembled at the point marked IV in the…

A: One of the most important step in a viral life cycle is the viral assembly. It is a dynamic process…

Q: Explain the Structure of the AIDS virus?

A: AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

Q: What is an enveloped virus, and how does the envelope arise?What are spikes, how are they formed,…

A: The virus is obligate intracellular parasites that are unable to survive without a host. The virus…

Q: What is meant when it is said that a virus is in an inactive state?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: Which of the following represents the correct stages (in order) of VIRAL replication? a-Replication,…

A: A virus is an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)…

Q: Match each of the following viral families with the appropriate viral genera:

A: Virus are connecting link between living and non living.  Herpes simplex virus causes genital herpes…

Q: What are the four properties that define a virus? What is a virion?

A: Virus is defined as the infectious microbes which contains genetic material and it is surrounded by…

Q: Explain the Life cycle of the AIDS virus?

A: Viruses are infectious agents with a very different organization as well as reproduction. A complete…

Q: If you were to argue that viruses are living organisms, what features of viral structure and…

A: INTRODUCTION Viruses It is a small submicroscopic organism replicate only in a host. Virus always…

Q: What is the difference between a naked virus and an enveloped virus?

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Pathogenicity

Infection and Transmission

The infections are generated by the pathogenic organisms present in the environment. They maintain the capacity to invade a host body and establish colonies. A disease caused by such infectious agents is called a communicable disease or transmissible disease. These diseases spread through diverse means including blood, food, water, air, or vectors.