1)  degrees of freedom where r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns from the observed frequencies. The given observed data are below. Preferred Pace of Life Gender Male Female Slower 229 217 No Preference 21 25 Faster 90 48 Total 340 290

Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897, 0079039898, 2018
18th Edition
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:Carter
Chapter10: Statistics
Section10.3: Measures Of Spread
Problem 1GP
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The test statistic was found to be 
?2 = 9.545.
 For a test of independence between two categorical variables, there will be 
(r − 1)(c − 1)
 degrees of freedom where r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns from the observed frequencies. The given observed data are below.
Preferred Pace of Life Gender
Male Female
Slower 229 217
No Preference 21 25
Faster 90 48
Total 340 290
There are 
r = 
 rows for the preferred pace of life and 
c = 
 columns for gender. Thus, there are 
(r − 1 )(c − 1) = 
 degrees of freedom.
Recalling that this is an upper tail test, use technology to find the p-value for 
?2 = 9.545,
 rounding the result to four decimal places.
p−value = 
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