1. We have a population of 3, they have the following benefit curves (TB): TB¹ = 3q - 2q² TB² = 2q - 5q² TB³ = 5q-q² And the Total Cost of the public good is: 5q² Derive the Samuelson condition for this society. What is Person 3's individual preference and what is the societal optimal given the Samuelson rule, can you explain why one is greater than/less than the other?
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- Do you believe higher education provides our economy with a positive externality? Why or why not? Do you believe the steps that the federal government takes to encourage the socially optimal amount of higher education be produced/consumed is appropriate? Too much? Too little? Why? (Use appropriate economic theory to support your position.) 2. Explain why according to the theory of rational ignorance, an individual will decide not to participate in the election process (vote).A small community has 20 people, each of whom has a wealth of $12,000. Each individual must choose whether to contribute $300 or $0 to the support of public entertainment for their community. The money value of the benefit that a person gets from this public entertainment is b times the total amount of money contributed by individuals in the community. Question 3 options: If 20b > 1, everybody is better off if all contribute to the public entertainment fund than if nobody contributes, but if 20b < 1, everybody is better off if nobody contributes than if all contribute Everybody is worse off if all contribute than if nobody contributes if b > 1, but if b < 1, everybody is better off if nobody contributes. This game has a dominant strategy equilibrium in which nobody contributes anything for public entertainment. If 20b > 1, there is a dominant strategy equilibrium in which everybody contributes. In order for there to be a dominant strategy equilibrium in which all…Q=100-P Costs $6 to purchase a pack of cigarettes each pack smoked does $6 worth of health damage and $5 worth of secondhand health damage All consumers are aware of these costs 1. Due to an introduction of a hyper-effective tobacco fertilizer, the cost of producing a pack of cigaretts decreases to $1. How does this affect the level of smoking and the level of social loss? 2. suppose the government decides to pursue a Pigovian solution to eliminte social loss. What sort of of tax or subsidy would they implement and what is the resulting quantity of cigarette packs purchased? 3. In the case of the Coase Theorem, it is said that the socially efficient level of smokeing will occur without government intervention. how are property rights established and why might the Coase Theorem not apply in this setting?
- There are three individuals in a community: 1,2 and 3. Their valuations of the public good, G, are MB1=40-2G , MB2=20-G and MB3=10-G/2 . Let MCG=ACG= 12 a )Suppose the individuals must vote to determine the level of G, assuming that person 3 pays all of the cost. What will G be, according to the median voter theorem? Show your work b). Quantify the magnitude of the inefficiency caused by voting in part (a) That is, calculate the net loss of total social surplus that occurs because of the G you found in (a)1) True-False-Uncertain. Respond to following statements as True, False, Uncertain and justify your claim. Answers that do not provide justification will receive zero points. According to the Coase Theorem, government intervention is needed to solve externalities. It always makes sense when a public good is financed by the government. If A is Pareto efficient and B is Pareto inefficient, A must be a Pareto improvement over B. According to Arrow’s impossibility theorem, a democratic society will always make consistent decisions.Warm-glow: now consider the case where each individual cares only about their direct marginal benefit from the public good plus an additional warm-glow marginal benefit from giving as follows: WMBA=6-NA, WMBB=6-NB, and WMBC=24-NC, where NA, NB, and NC respectively represent Alice, Bianca, and Claire’s individual contributions. For example, Alice’s total marginal benefit is TMBA=MBA+WMBA=7-N+6-NA. Remember that N=NA+NB+NC. e. Who will contribute and how many works of art will be provided?
- Warm-glow: now consider the case where each individual cares only about their direct marginal benefit from the public good plus an additional warm-glow marginal benefit from giving as follows: WMBA=6-NA, WMBB=6-NB, and WMBC=24-NC, where NA, NB, and NC respectively represent Alice, Bianca, and Claire’s individual contributions. For example, Alice’s total marginal benefit is TMBA=MBA+WMBA=7-N+6-NA. Remember that N=NA+NB+NC. Who will contribute and how many works of art will be provided?Two consumers, M and N, have the following demand curves M: PM = 24 – 2Q N: PN = 48 – 4Q Where PM and PN represent marginal willingness-to-pay values for M and N respectively. Q represents the quantity of output. (a) If M and N are the only consumers in the market and the product is a public good, obtain the market social benefit equation. Draw the two individual private benefits and the marginal social benefit curves in the same diagram. (b) If M and N are the only consumers in the market and the product is a private good, obtain the market demand equationSuppose there are three people in society who vote on whether the government should undertake specific projects. Let the net benefits of a particular project be $150, $140, and $50 for persons A, B, and C, respectively. a. If the project costs $300 and these costs are to be shared equally, would a majority vote to undertake the project? What would be the net benefits to each person under such a scheme? Would total net benefits be positive? b. Suppose the project cost $375 and again costs were to be shared equally. Now would a majority vote for the project and total net benefits be positive? c. Suppose (presumably contrary to fact) votes can be bought and sold in a free market. Describe what kinds of results you might expect in part a and part b.
- If an excise tax on cigarettes offsets the negative externalities associated with smoking, it means that: a. The Pareto efficient level of smoking will decline. b. The private marginal benefit of smoking will rise. c. The privately efficient level of smoking will equal the Pareto efficient level. d. The private marginal cost of smoking will decline. 9.In the Principal-Agency relationship in health care markets, the _______ acts as the agent for the ________, the principal. a. Government; insurer. b. Insurer; government. c. Health care provider; patient. d. Patient; health care provider. In the presence of external benefits for a health care service, the private market will generally provide: a. The economically efficient level of output. b. Less than the Pareto efficient level of output. c. More than the Pareto efficient level of output. d. The answer depends on the nature of the benefits1. In the voluntary-contribution model considered in the lectures, the public good was national defense, and z was measured by the total number of soldiers. This total was in turn equal to the sumof the soldiers hired by both consumers, so that z = z1 + z2. We saw that the consumers acting alone hired too few soldiers, so that z was less than z*. Consider now the issue of voluntary contributions to a different type of public good: flood prevention. Imagine that two farmers cultivate land in a narrow valley next to a river. Each farmer builds a dike (i.e., an embankment) along his part of the river in order to prevent flooding during the rainy season. The height of farmer 1’s part of the dike (measured in feet) is z1, while the height of farmer 2’s part of the dike is z2. If farmer 1 wants to add extra height to his part of the dike, the cost is c for each extra foot of height added. The same cost applies to farmer 2. Since water comes over the dike at the lowest point, the flood…Consider agent A with (inverse) demand curve for the public good PA = 60 − 2QA and agent B with inverse demand PB = 90 − 5QB, where prices are measured in £ per unit. The marginal cost of producing the public good is £10 per unit. What is the Pareto efficient level of the public good? Explain. Illustrate in a graph. [Hint: Compute the marginal social benefit of the public good by adding up the demand curves vertically, over the p’s]