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- 5. The covid vaccine contains mrna this will produce a. passive adaptive immunity b. active adaptive immunity c. innate protien.Antigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dra-matic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise fromrare events in which:(a) Two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the sametime(b) Two separate viruses undergo lysogenic conversion(c) Two viruses conjugate(d) Mutations accumulate(e) All of the aboveThe whooping cough vaaccine and the MMR vaccine are what type of vaccines? a. conjugated b. natural c. globulin d. gamma e. whole cell / virus
- 1. The use of a face mask to prevent the spread of germs is a recognition of the ___ route of infection: a. inoculation b. aerosol c. biological vector 2. A person steps on a nail sticking up through a board, the microbes which are carried into that wound, entered through the ____ route of infeciton. a. parenteral b. droplet c. mucous membran 3. The largest and most effective of the phagocytes are: a. red blood cells b. lymph nodes c. macrophages 4. When an arthropod bites and injects a pathogen into the new host, this route of infection is called___ a. biological vector b. direct contact c. chemical route of infectionA vaccine that employs a toxoid is based upon a ______. A) antibody B) attenuated virus C) histamine D) inactivated form of a bacterial exotoxinA live vaccine (aka attenuated vaccine) contains A.) antibodies. B.) a pathogen that does not cause an immune response. C.) a pathogen that causes mild, if any, symptoms. D.) a pathogen that does not contain recognizable epitopes.
- Most immunizations require multiple exposures to the vaccine (i.e., boosters). Why is this the case?Sometimes Ab interferes with the attachment site on virions so they can't attach to a host cell. This process is_________ a. aggregation b. inactivation c. activation1. The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called? cytopathic effect lysogenic conversion antigenic variation..
- 4. Here is an immunoassay to measure the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. An organic solvent is used to extract TNT from the soil and then the solvent is analyzed using a flow cytometer. A flow cytometer is a device used to count small particles that flow through a narrow tube past a detector. The particles are irradiated with a green laser and the fluorescence from each particle is measured as it flows past the detector. Step 1. Antibodies that bind TNT are chemically attached to 5-μm latex beads. Step 2. The beads are incubated with fluorescent derivative of TNT to saturate the antibodies and excess TNT is washed away. The beads are suspended in aqueous detergent. Step 3. A volume of 5 μL of the suspension is added to 100 μL of sample or standard containing TNT. TNT in the sample displaces some of the fluorescent TNT. Step 4. An aliquot is injected into the flow cytometer, which measured the fluorescence of the individual beads as they pass by the detector. a) The figure…The high degree of mutation in HIV, the accumulation of variant viruses, and the development of resistance to drug regimes are attributed to _____. a. antigenic shift b. gene conversion c. absence of proofreading capability of reverse transcriptase d. antigenic variation of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) e. mutation of HIV RNA genome by host-cell RNA polymerase.Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread ofdisease is calleda. seropositivity b. cross-reactivity c. epidemic prophylaxis d. herd immunity