10. Show explicitly that if the Sun's photosphere were not ionized, its mean molecular mass would be u 1.25.

Q: Create a sketch of the observed solar emission (solar flux) as a function of wavelength. Your sketch…

A: THE VALUE PROVIDED IN THE QUESTIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS- A BLACKBODY WHICH START HEATING AND EMIT…

Q: 1. Determine the radius of the event horizon if a star of mass 11 x 1030 kg explodes into a…

A: The radius of the event horizon is, R=2GMc2

Q: nuclear fusion is the power source of the sun. a. true b. false

A: TRUE  Every star in the universe, including the sun, is alive due to nuclear fusion. It is through…

Q: Assume that Hydrogen comprises 78% of the Sun’s mass. How much mass is this?

A: The original mass of the sun is,

Q: Calculate the average surface temperature of the Sun using Wien’s Law. The wavelength of maximum…

A: λ = 500nm

Q: 1. Determine the radius of the event horizon if a star of mass 11 x 1030 kg explodes into a…

A: Given quantities: mass of the star (M) = 11 × 1030 kg   Let the gravitational constant be denoted by…

Q: The 2-H formed in the first reaction has less mass than the two 1-H that form it; the missing mass…

A: Two hydrogen atoms combine via a fusion reaction to form a single deuterium atom, the reaction…

Q: The Sun is currently about 4.4 billion years old. How much longer does it have before it runs out of…

A: The Sun is currently about 4.4 billion years old. The age of sun is about 10 billion years. Thus,…

Q: Knowing that the “solar constant" at Earth is 1.39 kW/m, calculate the surface temperature on the…

A: Formula for solar constant is given by,                                              S…

Q: how does the model shows how the reaction inside the Sun leads to the release of energy and how the…

A: This model show that the sum leads following two reaction (1)    one hydrogen (H1) and one deuterium…

Q: A distant star has a peak wavelength of 0.00000077. What is the temperature of that star?

A: The temperature of the star can be given by T=2.898×10-3mKλpeak

Q: 4) Using the Boltzmann equation, calculate the ratio of atoms in the n=2 to n=1 energy levels for…

A:

Q: What is the approximate temperature of the sun at its chromosphere ?

A: The chromosphere is the third layer of Sun. It ranges from 400 km to 2100 km above the solar…

Q: Which isotope of helium is the final product of proton-proton chain reaction?

A: Answer: Helium-4 is the isotope of helium in the final product of proton-proton chain reaction.

Q: 4. How does an electron differ from a positron? 5. Why is proton-proton chain reaction important in…

A: (4) A positron is the antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass of an electron and half…

Q: 1. The Sun’s mass is ~2x1030 kg. If 10% of this is Hydrogen available in the core, how long will the…

A: Einstein gave the relation regarding the mass-energy equivalence which states that mass can be…

Q: Assume that the core of the Sun has one-eighth of the Sun’s mass and is compressed within a sphere…

A: Solution:

Q: At a neutrino detection facility deep underground in an abandoned salt mine, a research team is…

A:

Q: Solar scientists want to measure the temperature inside the sun by sending in probes. Imagine that…

A: Increase in temperature for every 10,000 km below the surface of sun = 106 oCCost of measuring x…

Q: Why can't you see deeper into the Sun than the photosphere?

A: Photosphere is the outermost layer of the sun. This is the only layer which is visible.

Q: What kind of reactions provide a star with energy

A: There are mainly two type of nuclear reactions.     1. Nuclear fission     2. Nuclear fusion   In…

Q: Nuclear fusion (the energy source of the Sun) requires the fusing particles (usually protons) have…

A: average kinetic energy = 2.3×10-13 Joules

Q: Explain in detail the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen fusion chain that occurs in the center of the Sun

A:

Q: A(n) 13-kg particle has energy 37,173 kg c2.  Calculate gamma (γ).

A:

Q: A(n) 5-kg particle has energy 86,338 kg c2.  Calculate gamma (γ)

A: Given:- m = 5 kg E = 86,338 kg c2

Q: Using the results from above (1.29^29 kg), how much total energy is available to the Sun via nuclear…

A:

Q: Determine the change in the sun density of the E-layer when the citical frequency changes from 4 MHz…

A:

Q: 1). A star has six times the radius of the Sun (Appendix C) and a temperature of 2000 K. Find its…

A:

Q: Which of the following doses of radiation (in Sieverts) can lead to death? O 1-3 O Any O 3

A: Given data: Unit given for radiation = Sv

Q: The sun has a radius of 6.959 x 10° m and a surface temperature of When the sun radiates at a rate…

A: Given r=6.959×108 mT=5.81×103 KQ=3.91×1026 Wσ=5.67×10-8 J/s *m2K4

Q: How are neutrinos different from most other particles like neutrons or protons?  How do we detect…

A: Neutrinos are everywhere.  They can be found throughout our galaxy, in our sun and thousands of…

Q: Harnessing a small fraction of the Sun's energy could provide 3 x 1013 W of energy worldwide. How…

A: Given Data : The energy harnessed from the sun is given as Es=3×1013W. The total world energy need…

Q: Describe the transport of energy, from the deep interior of the Sun, to when it finally reaches the…

A:

Q: Why are measurements of the Sun's 10.7 cm radio emission used to monitor the state of the solar…

A: in this question  we discuss about sun's 10.7 cm radio emission for used to monitor sun's activity.…

Q: 5. The nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri, a red dwarf star at a distance of 4.243 ly. Its…

A: The term apparent magnitude is used to calculate the brightness of the stars or other astronomical…

Q: Describe the interieo of the sun. Label and list all the layers. Explain how sun produce energy.

A:

Q: 1. What are the two most abundant elements found in stars?

A: Hydrogen and Helium are the two most abundant elements found in stars. Protons and neutrons fused to…

Q: From which atmospheric layer of the Sun did the photons originate that resulted in sunburn? How do…

A: There are so many atmospheric layers are available, like infrared region, visible light region,…

Q: Assuming that (1) the solar luminosity has been constant since the Sun formed, and (2) the Sun was…

A: Given: To determine the distance in which the Sun to convert all of its original hydrogen into…

Q: 1) What is thermal equilibrium? Is the Sun in thermal equilibrium? How do we know this? 2) In order…

A: THERMODYNAMICS

Q: What is unified atomic mass unit? Explain.

A: Unified mass unit is defined as the 1/12 th of the mass of Carbon-12 atom. the symbol for unified…

Q: Why does nuclear fusion only take place in the Sun’s core?

A:

Q: Where does nuclear fusion typically happen In our solar system? Why can’t nuclear fusion be used in…

A: Fusion energy comes from splitting an atom and is widely used to power nuclear plants and weapons.…

Stellar evolution

We may see thousands of stars in the dark sky. Our universe consists of billions of stars. Stars may appear tiny to us but they are huge balls of gasses. Sun is a star of average size. Some stars are even a thousand times larger than the sun. The stars do not exist forever they have a certain lifetime. The life span of the sun is about 10 billion years. The star undergoes various changes during its lifetime, this process is called stellar evolution. The structure of the sun-like star is shown below.

Red Shift

It is an astronomical phenomenon. In this phenomenon, increase in wavelength with corresponding decrease in photon energy and frequency of radiation of light. It is the displacement of spectrum of any kind of astronomical object to the longer wavelengths (red) side.