14. Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response are: A. eosinophils. В. mаcrophages. C. neutrophils. D. B cells 15. T helper cells recognize which of the following? A. Exogenous peptide bound to class II MHC B. Native extracellular viral proteins C. Endogenous peptides bound to class I MHC

Q: 21. The following is correct about superantigens? A. cause autoimmune disease C. activates B cells…

A: Introduction :- Superantigens (SAgs) are a group of antigens that cause the immune system to become…

Q: 28. The molecules mediating signal transduction on a B-cell following antigen binding to BCR are…

A: B cell It is a type of lymphocyte which is involved in providing the humoral immunity component of…

Q: What is a cytokine? A ) a. a chemical mediator (stimulus) of inflammation that is released by cells…

A: Cytokines low molecular weight regulatory proteins secreted by various cells in the body in response…

Q: 1. Describe the process by which sensor cells induce an inflammatory response 2. Explain the…

A: 1. Mast cells which has present sensor to induce an inflammatory response.   2 pattern recognition…

Q: 1. Which of the following is true about the clonal selection theory? Select one: a. An antigen…

A: Clonal Selection theory states that a particular antigen will activates its counter specific…

Q: Natural killer cellsa. are known for attacking large parasites, such as tapeworms.b. engulf…

A: Natural Killer cells also called large granular lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. It is a…

Q: i) Describe the above process. II) Why do O and P have different pathways for antigen processing…

A: introduction The adaptive, or acquired, immune reaction takes days or maybe weeks to become…

Q: 6. The function of allelic exclusion is an increase in the ................of antibodies?.…

A: Introduction :- One allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced through the…

Q: One of the factors that affects immunogenicity is the foreignness. One of the ways by which the…

A: The right option is c. By isolating all self Ag from immune cells...

Q: 2. Activation of any of the Complement Cascades in response to a bacterial infection occurs rapidly…

A: Immune system is the versatile defence system which protects the body from the various pathogens and…

Q: The INNATE defenses can tell the difference between SELF and NONSELF to a certain extent. EXPLAIN…

A: The ability of an organisms to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific…

Q: Pula was feeling ill for a number of months. She experienced myriad of symptoms such as achy joints,…

A: A disease or disorder is a condition that affects an organism's structure and normal functioning…

Q: A live vaccine (aka attenuated vaccine) contains    A.) antibodies. B.) a pathogen that does not…

A: Vaccine provides active acquired immunity to the human’s against the specific organism. Thus vaccine…

Q: 4. Which of the following is currently being studied as an adjunct therapy for cancer? Select one:…

A: 4) Adjuvant therapy - It is performed in addition to primary treatment in cancer in order to avoid…

Q: 1. In central tolerance, 3 mechanisms deviate B cells away from making autoreactive antibody. Which…

A: These are multiple choice questions.

Q: 5) In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after stating what the…

A: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as…

Q: The function of allelic exclusion is? a. increase the magnitude of antibodies b. increase the…

A: Allelic exclusion is found in case of B cells. When the b cells are showing clinal expansion with…

Q: 6. What is an immunoglobulin? Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule (light chain and…

A: Antibody (Ab), also known as Immunoglobulin (Ig), is the large Y shaped protein produced by the…

Q: 2) Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to: (Choose all that apply) а. B cells b. T cells Macrophages…

A: The stem cells that give rise to other blood cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).…

Q: 1. After being vaccinated against Hepatitis B and after a positive titer (you developed antibodies),…

A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we will answer only one question for you. If you need any…

Q: Which pertains to the immune response of a woman who has just inhaled a coronavirus to which she has…

A: Corona virus are a group of RNA viruses which causes disease in mammals and birds. They usually…

Q: 1. How does the body differentiate between self and non-self antigens? (1) 2. On which cells do we…

A: Note- We are supposed to answer three subparts of a question.  Please repost the other questions…

Q: A 41-year-old man has a penetrating injury to his right eye. A month later he has worsening vision…

A: Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a bilateral diffuse granulomatous intraocular inflammation that…

Q: 3)  Name each of these cells.

A: B lymphocytes - They provide antibody-mediated immunity. Antibodies kill pathogen through…

Q: 2. Many people become infected with the chicken pox virus during childhood. After recovering from…

A: When a virus cause chickenpox and flu it enters your body, the particular cells in your immune…

Q: The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin is The antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin is…

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped polypeptide structures made up of two heavy…

Q: 1.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This…

A: 1.B cell is one of the type of lymphocytes which is responsible for the generation of the antigen…

Q: 4. One of the main differences between an immature B cell and a plasma cell is the amount of…

A: Cells are the basic elements of all living organisms. A human body is made up of billions of cells.…

Q: . Tolerance plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system. Immune cells should not recognize…

A: Answer is given below.

Q: Some pathogens invade cells others invade tissue spaces. Explain how nonspecific immune response…

A: Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human organs,…

Q: 1. What causes the nasal symptoms of rhinitis? A. Bacteria B. Histamine C.…

A: 1. What causes the nasal symptoms of rhinitis? The air borne allergens such as the dust pollen etc…

Q: are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single…

A: The human body has immune system that Clears foreign substances and fight against pathogens. There…

Q: _____________12. These are proteins which are released by the natural killer cells through vesicles…

A: According to Bartleby guidelines , we are supposed to answer first three subparts in case of…

Q: 3. Which TWO of the following statements are NOT TRUE? O The complementarity determining region is…

A: Immunoglobulins:  Antibodies (Ab), also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are large, Y-shaped proteins…

Q: 12.People with Type O blood lack antigens on the blood cells, if a patient with Type B blood…

A: The classification of blood into a b a b and o groups depending on the presence and absence of A and…

Q: 1. "Which of the following statements is/are true? The only region in the body where a…

A: A little bean-shaped structure that functions as part of the immunological system of the body. Lymph…

Q: 7. _ (blank) _ produce antibodies that are released into the bloodstream. Select one: a. B cells b.…

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: 19. The following event does not occur in the germinal centers of activated B cells? A. somatic…

A: Introduction: a type of immunity that arises after an infection or vaccination when the immune…

Q: 3) Which of the following best describes the mechanism of an antiplatelet medication? A) Inhibition…

A: Antiplatelet are medicines which stop cells in the blood from sticking together and forming a clot…

Q: 1. Which of the following statements about CD4+ Th17 cells are true?

A: Th17 Lymphocytes are are generated from CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells  play a vital role in in…

Q: 7. Macrophages recognize target cells using which of the following? A. MHC class I molecules B.…

A: 7) CR1 and Fc receptor of the macrophage(present on the surface) bind to antibodies thereby…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.