2. In the NUCLEO-F401RE board, user LED (green one) is connected to PA.5(GPIOA and pin 5), the Bule user button is connected to PC.13(GPIOC and pin 13). Using this information, write a sequence of C instructions that would do the following. a. Configure the GPIO pin connected to the Green LED as an output. b. Write a 1 to the pin to turn on the Green LED by writing to the output data register (ODR) of that GPIO port. c. Configure the GPIO pin connected to the push button as an input. d. Read the state of the button by reading the input data register (IDR) of that GPIO port. Notes: provide the segments of your codes. You do not need to provide an entire declaration of GPIOX address and related registers struct of the GPIO (we assume they are already declared). For example, if you want to read the input data for pin 15 of GPIOC, the following code is sufficient: int a GPIOC->IDR & (1 << 15);
Instructions and Operation
Nowadays, electrical engineers are required to evolve their practices by incorporating embedded processes, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and so on. These processors are beneficial in many ways and have changed the perspective of electronic design.
Subroutine Instruction
Subroutine instruction is defined as the instructions used in the programming language in a sequence form saved in memory. They are used to doing a specific task. Subroutine instruction is called a unit that instructs to perform some needed task. There are many programming languages in which subroutine instructions are used but have a different identity or name, such as method, function, subprogram, routine, etc. Subroutine or sub-program is designed or coded as they can be called multiple times while executing the program.
Classification of Buses
A bus inside a microprocessor is a collection of wirelines that contain related information. A group of wires required for communication among the microprocessor and peripherals is known as a system bus. A bus is an electrical or digital passage across which bits are transferred between a variety of computer elements. It mainly links all the internal parts to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and main memory. The width or size of any bus is crucial since it affects the amount of data that is transferred at a certain time period. Buses always transmit data parallelly, in a 32-bit bus, the information is supplied over 32 wirelines simultaneously and each bus comprises a clock speed measurable in MHz. The various types of buses inside a microprocessor are address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Execution of Instruction
A sequence of instructions makes up a program stored in a computer's memory unit. The CPU executes these instructions by going through a cycle for each instruction. The instruction cycle in a simple computer includes the steps listed below:
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