4. Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that make cholera toxin. In the presence of this toxin, chloride ion chan- nels in cells of the small intestine lining are stuck in their open position. As a result, an excess of chloride ions (C) flows from these cells into the lumen of the small intestine. Movement of Cl creates a charge gradient, so sodium ions (Na*) also flow into the lumen. Explain why the movement of these ions into the lumen results in the life-threatening diarrhea that characterizes cholera. CHAPTER 39 DIGESTION AND NUTRITION

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