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- The figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.Invading microbes can be imprisoned by a ______________. Question options: blood clot cytochrome hemolysin histamine siderophore tautomer Which of the following statements is FALSE? Question options: acute inflammation develops fairly quickly chronic inflammation is harmful the permeability of small veins in an inflamed area increases the warmth in an inflamed area is a result of additional heat transported to the area by blood vasodilation increases blood flow to an area during an inflammatory response all these statements are TRUEWhich of the following statements correctly compares/contrasts the ways in which antibiotics and antibodies interact with the cells of pathogens that they can affect during an infection? Group of answer choices Antibiotics and antibodies both enter cells and kill them Antibodies enter cells and kill them; antibiotics attach to the outside of cells Antibiotics enter cells and kill them; antibodies attach to the outside of cells Antibiotics and antibodies both attach to the outside of cells
- When antibody marks an invader so the macrophages can find it more easily to efficiently destroy the microbe, this process is called ___. inactivation coagulation opsonization agglutinationWhat is not true regarding drug delivery uptake? Most nanoparticles enter cells through endocytosis Cells are not able to internalize particles of nanoscale Nanoparticles can be used to deliver high drug doses to cell Nanoparticles can enter the cell via phagocytosis What is not true regarding the foreign body response? First, proteins form the blood and interstitial fluid adsorb to surfaces of the implant. Recruitment of cells comes in, mainly macrophages and neutrophils. With time the material, proteins, and cells get fused. Encapsulation of the foreign material occurs immediately after implantation When thinking about measurement systems, which is correct? The processor detects the input. The sensor can amplify or filter the signal. The input is the end product the user will know. The receiver presents a message that is interpretable.The material which is the result of the battle between macrophages and invading microbes is called ___. It is a yellow or greenish semi-liquid.
- Which of the following would represent an "opportunity" for an opportunistic pathogen? exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a crowded nightclub disinfecting skin before doing a blood draw use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills most bacteria in the large intestine.Which of the following best describes an attenuated whole-agent vaccine? Which option is the answer... Inactivated toxin (toxoid) that induces immunity against microbial toxin Uses living but weakened microbes to stimulate immunity Combination of antigens to enhance immune response Uses killed microbes to stimulate immunity Uses antigenic fragments of a microbe to stimulate immunityIn which of the following cases would treating a patient with an antiserum (purified antibodies) be more helpful than treating them with other drugs? If the person has a fungal skin infection Purified antibodies would not be helpful in any of these cases If the person has eaten a poison produced by bacteria If the person has a viral hepatitis infection
- Which molecules function as chemical signals between cells and stimulate a wide range of nonspecific defenses? Cytokines opsonins lysozymes antibodies antimicrobial peptidesA pathogenic bacteria has entered the body via a wound: A few hours later, antigen presenting cells (APCs) can be observed displaying antigenic fragments of the bacteria. Explain the process starting with a bacterial cell living in the body and ending with an APC displaying antigenic fragmentsWhat if the surface of a bacteria cell was not very antigenic? What would this mean for the host? The host would could not become infected with the bacteria. The host would not effectively make antibodies against this bacteria. The host would be immediately killed by the bacteria infection. The host would be able to overcome the bacteria by producing a large amount of antibodies. The host secondary immune response would be stronger and more powerful than normal