4S coronary mortality. The Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S) was a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of the cholesterol-lowering agent simvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease. Over 5.4 years of follow-up, the treatment group consisting of 2221 individuals experienced 111 fatal heart attacks. The placebo group of 2223 individuals experienced 189 such events. Calculate the risks in the groups and test the difference for significance. In relative terms, how much did simvastatin lower heart attack mortality?
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17.17 4S coronary mortality. The Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S) was a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of the cholesterol-lowering agent simvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease. Over 5.4 years of follow-up, the treatment group consisting of 2221 individuals experienced 111 fatal heart attacks. The placebo group of 2223 individuals experienced 189 such events. Calculate the risks in the groups and test the difference for significance. In relative terms, how much did simvastatin lower heart attack mortality?
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- Consider the following 2 × 2 table from a hypothetical cohort study. Calculate the relative risk of CVD comparing those with high fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL) with those with normal fasting glucose (<126 mg/dL) Serum fasting glucose Developed CVD Did not develop CVD Total ≥126 mg/dL (exposed) 125 325 450 <126 mg/dL (not exposed) 50 500 550 Total 175 825 1000 Group of answer choices 0.33 0.75 1.02 3.08 5.34The percentage of 12- to 17-year-olds who reported talking at least once in the past year with their parents about the dangers of drug, tobacco, or alcohol is 60% nationally. A state youth council believes this proportion is higher in their state, where there has been an intense media campaign about this issue. A survey of randomly chosen students from across the state shows 1032 of 1642 students reporting they are having these conversations with their parents. Use an alpha = .5A nutritionist compared the effectiveness of an online diet program to that of an in-person diet program. After three months, she compared the number of pounds of weight lost. The control group (in-person) lost a mean of 18.00 pounds (s = 14.50, n = 16) and the experimental group (online) lost 16.00 pounds (s = 13.30, n = 21). Use an alpha of .05, a two-tailed test, s2pooled = 191.19, and sM1−M2 = 4.5 to determine if there is a difference between the two programs.
- o combat antibiotic resistance, the Quality Improvement Consortium recommends a throat swab to confirm strep throat before a physician prescribes antibiotics to children under age 5. Nationally, 40 percent of children under 5 who received antibiotics did not have a throat swab. The Colorado Department of Health took a random sample of 79 children under the age of 5 who received antibiotics for throat infections and found that 24 did not have a throat swab. At α = .05, is this a statistically significant reduction over last year’s national rate of 40 percent? (a-1) Choose the correct null and alternative hypotheses. H0: π ≥ .40 vs. H1: π < .40 H0: π ≤ .40 vs. H1: π > .40 H0: π = .40 vs. H1: π ≠ .40 (a-2) Calculate the critical value. (A negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Critical value (a-3) Calculate the test statistic. (A negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your…31% of all pygmy softshell tortoises have stripes on their shells. A herpetologist in Cititon collects a sample of 28 pygmy softshell tortoises and finds that 8 of them have stripes on their shells. Is there enough evidence to conclude, at a significance of alpha = 0.05, that the proportion of pygmy softshell tortoises in Cititon with stripes on their shells is less than 31%? What is the claim? What is the null hypothesis? What is the alternative hypothesis? What is the test statistic? What is/are the critical value(s)? Do we reject the null hypothesis? What conclusion do we draw? What is the P-value for the problem above?Birthweight In 2003 the Journal of the AmericanMedical Association reported a study examining thepossible impact of air pollution caused by the 9/11 attack New York’s World Trade Center on the weight ofbabies. Researchers found that 8% of 182 babies born tomothers who were exposed to heavy doses of soot andash on September 11 were classified as having low birthweight. Only 4% of 2300 babies born in another NewYork City hospital whose mothers had not been near thesite of the disaster were similarly classified. Does thisindicate a possibility that air pollution might be linked toa significantly higher proportion of low-weight babies?a) Was this an experiment? Explain. b) Test an appropriate hypothesis and state your conclu-sion in context. c) If you concluded there is a difference, estimate thatdifference with a confidence interval and interpret thatinterval in context.
- In a clinical trial, 17 out of 900 patients taking a prescription drug complaint of flu like symptoms. Suppose that it is known that 1.3% of the patients taking competing drugs complain of flu like symptoms. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that more than 1.3% of the drugs user experience food like symptoms as a side effect at the 0.01 level of significance? what are the normal and alternative hypothesis?A low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence thatthe current government-mandated shutdown of society is not causing people’s mentalhealth to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if anyexpert says it’s necessary.He polls a random sample of 1600 citizens, gathering data on such items asincome loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, hours spent binge-watchingNetflix, and number of injuries caused by household fights, and compiles all thisinto a scientifically-weighted “misery index”.The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use apopulation standard deviation σ = 19.1.a) Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that thenationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null andalternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the P-value,and state your conclusion. (10)b) A CDC press release publishing the results of this study claims that…A low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence thatthe current government-mandated shutdown of society is not causing people’s mentalhealth to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if anyexpert says it’s necessary.He polls a random sample of 1600 citizens, gathering data on such items asincome loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, hours spent binge-watchingNetflix, and number of injuries caused by household fights, and compiles all thisinto a scientifically-weighted “misery index”.The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use apopulation standard deviation σ = 19.1.a) Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that thenationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null andalternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the P-value,and state your conclusion. b) A CDC press release publishing the results of this study claims that…
- To combat antibiotic resistance, the Quality Improvement Consortium recommends a throat swab to confirm strep throat before a physician prescribes antibiotics to children under age 5. Nationally, 40 percent of children under 5 who received antibiotics did not have a throat swab. The Colorado Department of Health took a random sample of 60 children under the age of 5 who received antibiotics for throat infections and found that 18 did not have a throat swab. At α = .05, is this a statistically significant reduction over last year’s national rate of 40 percent? (a-1) Calculate the critical value. (A negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Critical value _____ (a-2) Calculate the test statistic. (A negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) Test statistic _____For a set alpha level of .05, a predictor that has a p-value less than or equal to .05 suggests that variations in the predictor's value are related to changes in the outcome (response) variable. True or FalseRogers, Farlow, and colleagues (1998) conducted an experiment to investigate whether donepezil improved cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A total of 1,775 patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either donepezil or a placebo (a look-alike pill with no pharmacological effect). Cognitive function, as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog), was significantly improved in patients taking donepezil compared with the placebo group at weeks 12, 18, and 24. [Source: Rogers, S. L., Farlow, M. R., Doody, R. S., et al. (1998). A 24-week, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 50, 136–145.] In this experiment, the independent variable is , and the dependent variable is . The individuals who are in the control condition are typically referred to as the control group. Here, the control group consists of . is a construct that is being tested in this…