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A: Genetic engineering is the bran of biological sciences that deals with the methods and applications…
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A: Genetic engineering is the practice of altering an organism's genetic structure utilizing…
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A: Genetic engineering is the technique to alter or manipulate the chemistry of the genetic material…
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A: Biotechnology is the study of biology using the use of technologies. This technology utilizes a…
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A: Introduction Gene cloning is the technique to produce the exact copies of desire gene by utilizing…
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Q: Define "horizontal gene transfer." 1.
A: The transfer of genetic information from the genes of one cell into another generation or into…
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A: Yeast is a eukaryotic unicellular organism that belongs to the kingdom Fungi. These organisms are…
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A: 1. what is modifying gene? 2. What is gene redundancy?
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A: It refers to the movement of genetic material. There are two types of gene transfer namely, a)…
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A: Osmosis is the movement of water or other solvents across a semi permeable membrane from a region of…
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A: Answer- Genetic engineering is the process by which foreign DNA is incorporated in the desired DNA…
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A: The morphology of colonies formed by microbial cells allows their identification. Different species…
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A: Protoplasm means cytoplasm plus nucleoplasm. So, cytoplasm and nucleoplasm combine to form…
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A: Introduction Nanotechnology:- It is the manipulation of materials on an molecular or atomic scale…
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A: Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology is a technique, which is used to change the…
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A: Step 1 Plant tissue culture is the technique or method of in vitro maintenance as well as growth of…
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A: The genes are formed by the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of an organism. These genes code all of the…
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A: The promoter serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase, the transcription enzyme. The lac…
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A: Hello. Since you have posted multiple questions and not specified which question needs to be solved,…
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A: "Genetic engineering is a field of science that takes segments of DNA from one organism and…
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A:
Q: What is the process shown in Figure 4?
A: Answer: CELL DIVISION : It is the division of cell either in to two identical daughter cells or…
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Q: Can genes do horizontal gene transfer?
A: Normally genes transfered from parents to the offspring called transmission of genes.
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A: gene expression is a process from which a gene on DNA is converted to RNA and from RNA to protein.
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A: Genes are the stretch of DNA that code for a polypeptide chain.
Q: Draw the structure of modification stem?
A: BASIC INFORMATION STEM MODIFICATIONS The stems are modified in order to survive better according to…
Q: What are the conclusion of transforming principle?
A: In the basic investigation, Frederick Griffith (1928) blended warmth executed S with live R and…
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A: The effect of plant pathogen: Root rots are common in infected plants. This may be caused by fungi,…
Q: What are 4 examples of genetically modified crops?
A: Genetically modified crops - genetically modified crops are those crops used in agriculture , the…
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A: Agrobacterium is a gram-negative bacteria genus that uses the HGT (horizontal gene transfer) method…
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- Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis2- Match the correct terms with their meanings. Place the corresponding letter within the parenthesis Column A Column B hu) Refractory period a. An electrical impulse caused by a strong- enough graded potential ) Graded potential b. The membrane potential of a resting cell hu) Action potential c. Releases neurotransmitters hu) Presynaptic element d. Caused by stimulus hu) Sodium e. Change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero ) Potassium f. Enters the neuron and causes depolarization hu) Depolarization g. time after the initiation of an action potential when another action potential cannot be generated u) Resting potential h. return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential hu) Repolarization i. Exits the neuron and causes hyperpolarization7. A) What effect does the compound GppNHp, when applied to the inside of a cell during whole cell patch clamp recording, have on Cav2 channels at presynaptic terminals? B) What is the mechanism by which this compound affects G-protein signaling and Ca√2 channel activity? B. A.
- Paper link - https://www.jneurosci.org/content/40/8/1756.long Neuronal Mitochondria Modulation of LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation What is LPS (not just what does it stand for)? Why is it used as a model for neuroinflammation? Describe microglia: where are they found, what role do they play, why can't that role be carried out the same way it is in the rest of the body? Mitofusin2 (Mfn2) is a mitochondrial protein. What is its apparent role? Can you think of a reason why overexpression could be protective against a stress? Is it reasonable that overexpression of this gene could also cause problems (if so, how)? How did the authors arrange that Mfn2 was only upregulated in the brain and spinal cord of TMFN mice, and not in other tissues of the mice? How do they demonstrate this? Briefly describe the roles of these molecules in immunity/inflammation:IL-1βIL-6IL-10TNFα They all belong to a class of molecules; what is that class called? What evidence do the authors provide that…Help me pleasePlease ASAP. Thanku. Please provide a brief explaination. Qs 2 What will increase the length constant of axons?
- Electrophoretic flow and electroosmotic flow (EOF) plays an important role in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for ions movement. Explain the differences between electrophoretic flow and EOF. b) Suggest two different approaches (other than reducing the voltage) to reduce the electroosmotic flow. c) Three water soluble vitamins: niacinamide (a neutral compound), riboflavin (a neutral compound) and thiamine (a cation) were separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) in 15 mM borate buffer (pH 8) with 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. The migration times were niacinamide (7.5 min), riboflavin (12.8 min) and thiamine (13.9 min) Explain why these vitamins were separated using MEKC. Explain why niacinamide and riboflavin (both are neutral compounds) have different migration times. (i) With the aid of a diagram, differentiate flow profile of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and laminar flow. (ii) Discuss the effect of both flows in term of peak resolution.3) Acetylcholine binds to a GPCR on heart muscle, making the heart beat more slowly. The activated receptor stimulates a G protein, which opens a K+ channel in the plasma membrane, as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following would enhance this effect of the acetylcholine? (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1 addition of a high concentration of a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP addition of a drug that prevents the a subunit from exchanging GDP for GTP mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and acetylcholine mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and the G proteintaw a graph representing the changes in membrane potential across the axonal membrane before, during, and after an action potential, On your graph, use a highlighter to clearly indicate for which portions of your graph the letter corresponding to each cellular event listed below belongs. List of cellular events: A) All K* channels open B) All Nat channels close C) The Na*/K* ATPase cotransporter transports Nat and K* across the membrane. D) All Na* channels open E) The threshold value of membrane potential is attained. F) All K* channels close G) Some Nat channels open Your graph: o pe cffecton
- 1. Ionotropic GABA receptors are ligand-gated Cl channels which open during GABA-ergic signaling. a) Describe how under normal circumstances the opening of these channels leads to an IPSP. Do this in the context of Eci. b) Some cells in the body express a Na*/K+/2Cl cotransporter which pumps Cl- into the ICF. Where these pumps are present, the same GABA receptor is actually excitatory. Again, in the context of Ea describe how the same receptor would be excitatory in cells which actively pump Cl- into the ICF. You do not need to repeat information you provided in part (a)Give typed explanation of both subparts From Depolarization to Repolarization a) What happen to the channel previously open? Which ions are now moving during repolarization? Which direction would they tend to move based on their concentration? Which direction would they tend to move based on their concentration? Briefly explain. b) Considering that the ions can only move through their channel which is open for 1 milli seconds do you expect a lot of ions to move across the membrane? How does this affect the charge on both sides of the membrane? Briefly explain.Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alpha