6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Zymogen activation Competitive inhibition Allosteric regulation Covalent modification

6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Zymogen activation Competitive inhibition Allosteric regulation Covalent modification

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12RQ: Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway...

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Concept explainers

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.

Question

6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by:

Zymogen activation

Competitive inhibition

Allosteric regulation

Covalent modification

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During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Zymogen activation
Some strains of bacteria or microorganisms have developed toxins that can modify the activity of the alpha subunit of G proteins which results in disease. For ex. cholera toxin, produced by Vibrio cholerae, causes ADP ribosylation of the stimulatory Gαs subunit of G proteins. This modification abolishes the GTPase of Gαs, and results in an αs subunit that is always in the “on” or active state. It results in continuous stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The main cells affected by this are the epithelial cell in gastrointestinal tract. Knowing this altered activity of AC, explain why patients affected by this toxin experience severe diarrhea and dehydration that may result in death.
In muscle cells, when adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptor, it trigger signaling cascade leading to active glycogen phosphorylate breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (Glycogen -> G1P). Base on following figure, describe this signaling cascade:
In which condition a trimeric G protein is activated by a cell-surface receptor,a. the a subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.b. the B subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.c. the GDP bound to the a subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP.d. it dissociates into a free B subunit and an ay subunit.e. it dissociates into an active a subunit and in inactive By subunit.
A signaling molecule M is active when it is phosphorylated (M-P). The M-P has downstream target molecules in nucleus. Provide a possible mechanism by which M does its job
Provide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give annotations of binding sites and enzyme active sites.
One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding toproteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.
Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of thefollowing except(A) activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.(B) activation of protein kinase molecules.(C) activation of G protein-coupled receptors.(D) regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.
Can you please elaborate why blocking the inhibitory G protein from deactivating adenylate cyclase can be deadly.
A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?
Ligand-activated receptors should be ________ before they can bind DNA and activate transcription. a. dephosphorylated b. phosphorylated c. bound by their metabolite ligand d. bound by their hormone ligand
Ligand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations. One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below: 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.