Which of the following is true about zymogens? A. Proproteins are one type of zymogen. B. Zymogens are inactivated by inhibitor proteins. C. Zymogens are enzymatically inactive. D. Zymogens cleave proteases.
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- How do lactoferrins inhibit pathogen growth? Group of answer choices A. Lactoferrins are used by phagocytic cells to digest pathogens once they have been ingested by the phagocytes. B. Lactoferrins bind to pathogens and are secreted during urination. C. These molecules bind iron, which is important for microbial growth. D. These molecules cut the bonds holding NAG and NAM together in bacterial cell walls, causing the bacteria to lyse.Enzymes that have binding sites for modulators are specifically called a. zymogens b. quaternary proteins c. induced enzymes d. allosteric enzymesA drug that inhibits the kinase activity of AKT would MOST likely have which of the following effects? A. Increased GSK-3b activity and increased CyclinD synthesis B. Increased GSK-3b activity and decreased CyclinD synthesis C. Decreased GSK-3b activity and increased CyclinD synthesis D. Decrease GSK-3b activity and decreased CyclinD synthesis
- Define the following terms: a. growth factors b. cytokine c. second messenger d. enzyme cascade e. desensitizationCompare and contrast the means by which the alternate, lectin, and classical pathways are activated.A particular drug inhibits the protein kinase that is responsible for phosphorylating the CREB protein. How would this drug affect the following events? A. The ability of the CREB protein to bind to CREs B. The ability of extracellular hormones to enhance cAMP levels C. The ability of the CREB protein to stimulate transcription D. The ability of the CREB protein to dimerize
- For cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein kinases? a. they amplify the original signal b. they always lead to the same cellular response c. the number of molecules used is small and fixed d. they are cell specificDescribe the concept of a stress activated signaling pathway using an example from the lectures. Explain the role of sensors, transduction pathways, transcription factors and cis-Elements.Where do DAG and IP3 originate? a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands expressed by signaling cells. c. They are hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to stimulate protein production. d. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.
- Which of the following statements is true about the IL-1 family of cytokines? A. They are powerful activators of inflammation b. They are chemotaxis mediators. c. Directly stimulate the growth of immune system cells in the bone marrow d. They are mainly mediators of the antiviral responseDefine the following terms: a. phosphatidylinositol cycle b. PIP2 c. IP3 d. DAG e. PKCSpecific inhibitors of dyneins have yet to be discovered. When they are discovered, how would they most likely affect cells? Reduce retrograde transport of endosomes Decrease pseudopod formation in amoeboid cells Increase cell size Decrease contraction of skeletal muscle