A 30.0-g ice cube floats in 212 g of water in a 100-g copper cup; all are at a temperature of 0°C. A piece of lead at 99.0°C is dropped into the cup, and the final equilibrium temperature is 12.0°C. What is the mass of the lead? (The heat of fusion and specific heat of water are 3.33 x 105 J/kg and 4,186 J/kg - °C, respectively. The specific heat of lead and copper are 128 J/kg - °C and 387 J/kg - °C, respectively.)

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Chemical and Phase Equilibrium

Phase diagrams or equilibrium phase diagrams are the graphical representations that show the phase transformations of the constituting elements with respect to the pressure, temperature, and compositions. The diagrams show the conditions that limit the different phases, namely solid, liquid, and gas. The diagram can also be utilized to verify the relations between the state variables. Most of the phase diagrams are temperature-pressure phase diagrams, with the variable parameter as the composition. Usually other variables such as solubility and pressure parameters are not indicated in the phase diagram. For a one-component system (unary phase diagram), the phase diagram is generally a function of temperature and pressure as the state variables, or temperature and volume. However, for a binary system (two-phase) having two components, the phase diagram is a function of temperature and composition as the state variables only. Coexisting of the different phases of the constituting elements is indicated in the phase diagram. A ternary phase diagram can be characterized by consisting of three phases in equilibrium.