A cache memory needs an access time of 30 ns and main memory 150 ns, what is the average access time of CPU (assume hit ratio = 80%)?
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- How does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining more efficient when executing conditional BRANCH instructions?Processor R is a 64-bit RISC processor with a 2 GHz clock rate. The average instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor C is a CISC processor with a 1.8 GHz clock rate. The average simple instruction requires one cycle to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. The average complex instruction requires two cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Processor R can’t directly implement the complex processing instructions of Processor C. Executing an equivalent set of simple instructions requires an average of three cycles to complete, assuming zero wait state memory accesses. Program S contains nothing but simple instructions. Program C executes 70% simple instructions and 30% complex instructions. Which processor will execute program S more quickly? Which processor will execute program C more quickly? At what percentage of complex instructions will the performance of the two processors be equal?Suppose the cache access time is 10ns, main memory access time is 200ns, and the cache hit rate is 95%. Assuming parallel (overlapped) access (or say, load-through is used), what is the average access time for the processor to access an item?
- A CPU is equipped with a cache. Accessing a word takes 40 clock cycles if the data is not in the cache and 5 clock cycles if the data is in the cache. What is the effective memory access time in clock cycles if the hit ratio is 80%?A computer system has a memory access time of 120 ns. The hit rate is 96% and memory and cache accesses don' t lap and affect each other. In order AMAT to be under 12 ns, what should the maximum cache access time be?Suppose the cache access time is 20ns, main memory access time is 100ns, and the cache hit rate is 90%. Assuming parallel (overlapped) access, what is the average access time for the processor to access an item?
- Assume the miss rate of an instruction cache is 4% and the miss rate of the data cache is 5%. If a processor has a CPI of 3 without any memory stalls, and the miss penalty is 50 cycles for all misses, determine how much faster a processor would run with a perfect cache that never missed. Assume the frequency of all loads and stores is 44%.If memory read cycle takes 100 ns and a cache read cycle takes 20 ns, then for four continuous references, the first one brings the main memory contents to cache and the next three from cache. Find the time taken for the Read cycle with and without Cache? What is the Percentage speedup obtained?Explain the concept of cache memory levels, including L1, L2, and L3 caches, and their impact on CPU performance.
- Assume a cache memory hit ratio is 93% and the hit time is one cycle, but the miss penalty is 40 cycles. Then, Compute the average memory access time (AMAT)A CPU is equipped with a cache. If it takes 4 ns to access the data from the cache and 200 ns to access data from the main memory, what is the effective memory access time if the hit ratio is 95%?Cache memory seems unnecessary if RAM and cache memory both use transistors for storage. Can one single memory type be used for everything?