allów it to move past the G1 and G2 checkpoints even if its growth factor is not present, These mutations a tightly to other cells and the extracellular matrix. As a result, this cell would . die O form a benign tumor form a malignant tumor that metasticizes O form a mass of normal tissue
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- Cell specializations are usually a modification or elaboration of one of the basic cell functions. (True or fa1se?)Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in cells b. promote metastasis c. are brought into cells by viruses d. only rarely affect the development of cancerWith regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.
- Which of the following is not a part of apoptosis?a. cell shrinkageb. DNA fragmentationc. the manufacture of cellsd. activation of cellular enzymesWhat is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes?a. stop all cells from dividingb. stop certain cells from dividingc. help oncogenes produce oncoproteinsd. allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cellcycleThe normal function of one tumor-suppressor gene acting at the G1 checkpoint is to prevent cells with damaged chromosomes and DNA from “progressing from G1 to S.” Another tumor-suppressor gene, acting at the G2/M checkpoint, prevents “passage from G2 to M.” When these tumor-suppressor genes fail to work, cancer can result. Explain what the phrases in quotations mean.
- Which of the following is typical of cancer cells? A. The parent cell of the tumor contains a single mutation in a single checkpoint gene. B. Malignant cells migrate. C. Cancer cells lose the ability to divide. D. Products of oncogenes inhibit mitosis E. Benign tumors invade normal tissue.Which is true for cancer cells: 1) Cell death occurs after a determined number of cell divisions 2) Contact with other cells reduces chance of cell division 3) Cell division occurs in the presence of stop signals.Normal p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, when mutated it loses this function. Explain how a tissue expressing normal p53 would lose control and have over-proliferation of the cells based on p53 levels.
- A cell begins to undergo apoptosis due to stress. Which of the following are true about this cell? (select all that apply) The cell can exit apoptosis if the stressful factor is removed The cell has high levels of p53. The cell's DNA will inevitably degrade The cell may undergo mitosis before completing apoptosisExplain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.Which of the following would improve an individual's ability to cancer while aging?: a. decreases DNA repair accuracy during mitosisb. makes him smaller (e.g., fewer total cells)c. Increase the rate of mitosisd. increases his number of copies of p53e. all of the abovef. none of the above