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- 5.4.5 Chemical microanalysis5.4.5.1 Exploitation of characteristic X-raysElectron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of bulk samples is now a routine technique for obtaining rapid, accurate analysis of alloys. A small electron probe (100 nm diameter) is used to generate X-rays from a defined area of a polished specimen and the intensity of the various characteristic X-rays measured usingeither wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS) or energy-dispersive spectrometers (EDS). Typically the accuracy of the analysis is š0.1%. One of the limitations of EPMA of bulk samples is that the volume of the sample which contributes to the X-ray signal is relatively independent of the size of theelectron probe, because high-angle elastic scattering of electrons within the sample generates X-rays. The consequence of this is that the spatial resolution of EPMA is no better than ¾2 µm. In the last few years EDX detectors have been interfaced totransmission electron microscopes which are capable of operating…Describe the origin of shot noise in a spectrophotometer. How does the relativeuncertainty vary with concentration if shot noise is the major noise source?Calculate the Ksp for Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 e- ⟶ Ni(s) + 2OH-(aq); Eo = -0.720 VNi2+(aq) + 2 e- ⟶ Ni(s); Eo = -0.250 V 7.56x1015 1.15x10-8 1.70x10-33 1.32x10-16
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