A quanta holds about 10,000 molecules of ACh.  How many quanta are exocytosed during a single presynaptic AP?  What controls or determines the total number of quanta released? Is this under physiological control?

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Q: What is the source of the ATP for the kinase reaction?

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Q: Define the term alpha–gamma coactivation? What is its role?

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Q: Describe the major function of alpha–gamma coactivation?

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A: Note: According to the guidelines only one question is answered please ask another question…

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Q: Under what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?

A: Signaling molecules bind to the receptors present in their target cells.

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Q: How will PP1 interaction with an AMPA receptor alter that receptor's single channel l-V curve?

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.