A refinery has 250 tons of CPO on hand. This will be held over the following three months. He aims to hedge against a drop in CPO prices, which might result in losses since his production price is linked to CPO prices. The following information is available to him. Current inventory = 250 tons Spot price = $31100 per ton Interest rate = 6% per year Annual storage cost = $ 44 per ton (4% per annum) 3-month CPO futures = $ 1126.53 per ton a. How can the refiner protect oneself from declining CPO prices by using the CPO futures contract?
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A refinery has 250 tons of CPO on hand. This will be held over the following three months. He aims to hedge against a drop in CPO prices, which might result in losses since his production price is linked to CPO prices. The following information is available to him.
Current inventory = 250 tons
Spot price = $31100 per ton
Interest rate = 6%
per year Annual storage cost = $ 44 per ton (4% per annum)
3-month CPO futures = $ 1126.53 per ton
a. How can the refiner protect oneself from declining CPO prices by using the CPO futures contract?
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- Nico Parts, Inc., produces electronic products with short life cycles (of less than two years). Development has to be rapid, and the profitability of the products is tied strongly to the ability to find designs that will keep production and logistics costs low. Recently, management has also decided that post-purchase costs are important in design decisions. Last month, a proposal for a new product was presented to management. The total market was projected at 200,000 units (for the two-year period). The proposed selling price was 130 per unit. At this price, market share was expected to be 25 percent. The manufacturing and logistics costs were estimated to be 120 per unit. Upon reviewing the projected figures, Brian Metcalf, president of Nico, called in his chief design engineer, Mark Williams, and his marketing manager, Cathy McCourt. The following conversation was recorded: BRIAN: Mark, as you know, we agreed that a profit of 15 per unit is needed for this new product. Also, as I look at the projected market share, 25 percent isnt acceptable. Total profits need to be increased. Cathy, what suggestions do you have? CATHY: Simple. Decrease the selling price to 125 and we expand our market share to 35 percent. To increase total profits, however, we need some cost reductions as well. BRIAN: Youre right. However, keep in mind that I do not want to earn a profit that is less than 15 per unit. MARK: Does that 15 per unit factor in preproduction costs? You know we have already spent 100,000 on developing this product. To lower costs will require more expenditure on development. BRIAN: Good point. No, the projected cost of 120 does not include the 100,000 we have already spent. I do want a design that will provide a 15-per-unit profit, including consideration of preproduction costs. CATHY: I might mention that post-purchase costs are important as well. The current design will impose about 10 per unit for using, maintaining, and disposing our product. Thats about the same as our competitors. If we can reduce that cost to about 5 per unit by designing a better product, we could probably capture about 50 percent of the market. I have just completed a marketing survey at Marks request and have found out that the current design has two features not valued by potential customers. These two features have a projected cost of 6 per unit. However, the price consumers are willing to pay for the product is the same with or without the features. Required: 1. Calculate the target cost associated with the initial 25 percent market share. Does the initial design meet this target? Now calculate the total life-cycle profit that the current (initial) design offers (including preproduction costs). 2. Assume that the two features that are apparently not valued by consumers will be eliminated. Also assume that the selling price is lowered to 125. a. Calculate the target cost for the 125 price and 35 percent market share. b. How much more cost reduction is needed? c. What are the total life-cycle profits now projected for the new product? d. Describe the three general approaches that Nico can take to reduce the projected cost to this new target. Of the three approaches, which is likely to produce the most reduction? 3. Suppose that the Engineering Department has two new designs: Design A and Design B. Both designs eliminate the two nonvalued features. Both designs also reduce production and logistics costs by an additional 8 per unit. Design A, however, leaves post-purchase costs at 10 per unit, while Design B reduces post-purchase costs to 4 per unit. Developing and testing Design A costs an additional 150,000, while Design B costs an additional 300,000. Assuming a price of 125, calculate the total life-cycle profits under each design. Which would you choose? Explain. What if the design you chose cost an additional 500,000 instead of 150,000 or 300,000? Would this have changed your decision? 4. Refer to Requirement 3. For every extra dollar spent on preproduction activities, how much benefit was generated? What does this say about the importance of knowing the linkages between preproduction activities and later activities?Poleski Manufacturing, which maintains the same level of inventory at the end of each year, provided the following information about expenses anticipated for next year: The selling price of Poleskis single product is 16. In recent years, profits have fallen and Poleskis management is now considering a number of alternatives. Poleski wants to have a net income next year of 250,000, but expects to sell only 120,000 units unless some changes are made. The president of Poleski has asked you to calculate the companys projected net income (assuming 120,000 units are sold) and the sales needed to achieve the companys net income objective for next year. Also, compute Poleskis contribution margin per unit, contribution margin ratio, and break-even point for next year. The worksheet CVP has been provided to assist you. Note that the data from the problem have already been entered into the Data Section of the worksheet.Ranger Industries has provided the following information at June 30: Other information: Average selling price, 196 Average purchase price per unit, 110 Desired ending inventory, 40% of next months unit sales Collections from customers: In month of sale20% In month after sale50% Two months after sale30% Projected cash payments: Inventory purchases are paid for in the month following acquisition. Variable cash expenses, other than inventory, are equal to 25% of each months sales and are paid in the month of sale. Fixed cash expenses are 40,000 per month and are paid in the month incurred. Depreciation on equipment is 2,000 per month. REQUIREMENT You have been asked to prepare a master budget for the upcoming quarter (July, August, and September). The components of this budget are a monthly sales budget, a monthly purchases budget, a monthly cash budget, a forecasted income statement for the quarter, and a forecasted September 30 balance sheet. The worksheet MASTER has been provided to assist you. Ranger Industries desires to maintain a minimum cash balance of 8,000 at the end of each month. If this goal cannot be met, the company borrows the exact amount needed to reach its goal. If the company has a cash balance greater than 8,000 and also has loans payable outstanding, the amount in excess of 8,000 is paid to the bank. Annual interest of 18% is paid on a monthly basis on the outstanding balance.
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- Enrun Corporation expects to order 140,000 memory chips for inventory during the coming year, and it will use this inventory at a constant rate. Fixed ordering costs are $300 per order; the purchase price per chip is $20; and the firm’s inventory carrying costs is equal to 20 percent of the purchase price. (Assume a 360-day year.) How many orders should Enrun place during the year? If the lead time for placing an order is 5 days, and Enrun holds a safety stock equal to a 30-day supply of chips, then at what inventory level should an order be placed? If Enrun holds a safety stock equal to a 30-day supply of chips, what is Enrun’s minimum cost of ordering and carrying inventory?Oster Company Ltd. manufactures dusk to dawn lamps. The following are the details of their operation during 2021: Average monthly market demand 2,000 lamps Ordering costs $ 200 per order Inventory carrying costs 20% per annum Cost of lamps $ 1000 per lamp Normal usage 100 lamps per week Minimum usage 50 lamps per week Maximum usage 200 lamps per week Lead time to supply 4 - 6 weeks Compute: Economic order quantity. Maximum level of stock. Minimum level of stock. Re-order level of stock. What tradeoffs in costs are involved in computing the Economic Order Quantity?The Clayton Manufacturing Company is considering an investment in a new automated inventory system for its warehouse that will provide cash savings to the firm over the next eight years. The firms CFO anticipates additional earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) from cost savings equal to $220,000 for the first year of operation of the centre; over the next seven years, the firm estimates that this amount will grow at a rate of 6% per year. The system will require an initial investment of $600,000 that will be depreciated over an eight-year period using straight-line depreciation of $75,000 per year and a zero estimated salvage value. The firms tax rate is 35% and the cost of capital for the project is 12%. What is the projects annual free cash flow (FCF) in year 2? A. $169,250 B. $206,784 C. S 186,925 D. $177,830
- Faber Manufacturing, Inc., of St. Paul, Minnesota has an economic order quantity considering backordering of 763, a maximum backordering quantity in units of 480, annual holding cost/unit = $3.5; lead time = 1.4 month (the firm operates 12 months per year). If the firm's customers do not object to backordering and each unit backordered costs $ 4.5/year, then: What is the maximum inventory level?A company that manufactures a revolutionary aeration system combining coarse and fine bubble aeration components had costs this year (year 1) of $9,000 for check valve components. Based on completion of a new contract with a distributor in China and volume discounts, the company expects this cost to decrease. If the cost in year 2 and each year thereafter decreases by $560, what is the equivalent annual cost for a five-year period at an interest rate of 10% per year?Hi Tech Corporation (HTC) expects to order 295,000 memory chips for inventory during the coming year, and it will use this inventory at a constant rate. Fixed ordering costs are $300 per order; the purchase price per chip is $32; and the firm’s inventory carrying costs is equal to 18 percent of the purchase price. HTC is able to negotiate a reduction in the fixed ordering costs to $250.00 per order, but HTC decides to carry a safety stock of 28 days of memory chip sales. With the reduced fixed ordering cost and the increased average inventory due to the safety stock carried, what is the additional total inventory costs due to the decision to balance out uncertainty by carrying the specified safety stock?