a) The economic costs of a firm are payments to resource owners, sufficient to divert these resources from alternative consumption possibilities. b) Economic profit is an implicit cost. c) The larger the volume of production in the firm, the lower the total fixed costs.
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Q: Determine whether the following statemnts are true or false:
a) The economic costs of a firm are payments to resource owners, sufficient to divert these resources from alternative consumption possibilities.
b) Economic profit is an implicit cost.
c) The larger the volume of production in the firm, the lower the total fixed costs.
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- Q: Determine whether the following statemnts are true or false: a) If the firm increases the volume of used resources by 30%, and the volume of production thus increases by 20%, then there is a positive effect of the production scale. b) Average fixed costs decrease as production increases. c) The economic profit usually exceeds the accounting profit.Suppose a firm is facing a two-period (t = 0, 1) depletable resource (e.g., oil) extraction problem. The inverse demand function of the resource is Pt=20–0.5Qt ; marginal extraction cost is MCt = $5/unit; resource stock is Q = 20 units and interest rate is r = 50%. a) Write down the firm’s objective and efficiency condition. Using diagrams for this problem, calculate the dynamically efficient extractions, marginal user costs, present value of scarcity rents, and present value of total net benefits for the two periods.MK Corp estimates that its demand function is as follows: Q = 400 - 12:5P + 25A + 14Y+ 10P* where Q is the quantity demanded per month, P is the product’s price (in Rs.), A is the firm’s advertising expenditure (in Rs.’000 per month), Y is per capita disposable income (in Rs’000), and P* is the price of AJ Corp. a. During the next five years, per capita disposable income is expected to increase by Rs. 5,000 and AJ is expected to increase its price by Rs 12. What effect will this have on the firm’s sales volume? b. If MK wants to change its price by enough to offset the above effects, by how much must it do so? c. Compare the profitability of maintaining sales volume by either changing price or changing advertising spending. d. If MK’s current price is $60 and it spends $10,000 per month on advertising, while per capita income is $25,000 and AJ’s price is $70, calculate the price elasticity of demand with the price change. e. What can be said about the effect of the above price change…
- As an energy source, fossil fuels have had an advantage because of their ["low", "high"] cost and relatively high ["availability", "net energy", "suitability"] , a measure of available energy after accounting for the energy involved in extraction and production. This has resulted in approximately ["60", "40", "80", "20"] percent of the world’s energy currently being provided by fossil fuels.Compare and contrast the difference between dynamic (intertemporal) efficiency and static efficiency with respect to non-renewable resources. a. What are the efficiency conditions for each? Explain your answer. b. What costs reflected in the inter-temporal analysis are not captured in the static analysis? Explain your answer. c. How does the discount rate factor into each analysis? d. What impact does the discount rate have on the allocation of non-renewable resources across time and long run price path of non-renewable resources? e. Discuss the ethical issues associated with economists use and choice of a discount rate when analyzing natural resource and environmental problems.Suppose the Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost for crude oil at any given period is: MB = 159 - 2.1Q and MC=36 + 0.9Q Where price is measured in dollars and quantity is measured in barrels. The total oil reserve is 50 tons. What is the Optimal barrels of oil that should be extracted in the current period (suppose we don’t need to be concerned with any future periods)?
- 38. Assuming a $7 per unit tax is imposed for the sole purpose of funding a specific government program to provide free economics education to all citizens, the true total cost of this program will be $______. a) 10 b) 12 c) 14 d) 16 e) 19 f) 28 g) 36 h) 48 i) 66 j) 70 k) 84Burlington Motor Carriers, a trucking company, is considering the installation of a two-way mobile satellite messaging service on its 2,000 trucks. From tests done last year on 120 trucks, the company found that satellite messaging could cut 60% of its $5 million bill for long-distance communications with truck drivers. More importantly, the drivers who used this system reduced the number of "deadhead" miles-those driven without paying loads-by 0.5%. Applying that improvement to all 230 million miles covered by the Burlington fleet each year would produce an extra $1.25 million in savings. Equipping all 2,000 trucks with the satellite hookup will require an investment of $8 million and the construction of a message-relaying system costing $2 million. The equipment and onboard devices will have a service life of eight years and negligible salvage value; they will be depreciated under the five-year MACRS class. Burlington's marginal tax rate is about 38%, and its required minimum…Suppose there is a public park. The annual cost of maintenance is $200,000. Visiting the park is free, and it is visited 210,000 times every year. However, to fund better maintenance of the park, the government wants to make visitors pay $4.70 per visit. Implementing a security system (to prevent visitors from sneaking into the park) will cost $0.50 per visit and $260,000 in annual fixed expenditures. At the same time, maintenance costs are expected to rise by 23%, not including security costs. The number of visits to the park is expected to fall by 34%
- Suppose the government is trying to determine how to deal with pesticide contamination of its water supply. It wants to undertake a benefit-cost analysis of two alternative policy options for controlling pesticides: Upgrade its municipal water treatment plant to remove the pesticides, or Banning the use of the offending pesticides in the metropolitan area. Assume that either techniques reduces pesticides to a level which does not adversely affect human health. The cost of these control options are as follows: Municipal treatment upgrades: Capital Costs = $9 million. The new plant is constructed over one year. It starts operating at the beginning of year two. Once the plant begins operation, it has operating costs of $1 million per year. Once constructed, the plant lasts for 5 years, then it must be replaced with a new plant. Pesticide Ban: Annual operating costs due to substitution of non-toxic methods of controlling “pests” = $4 million per year. These costs would last forever. The…Suppose the government is trying to determine how to deal with pesticide contamination of its water supply. It wants to undertake a benefit-cost analysis of two alternative policy options for controlling pesticides: Upgrade its municipal water treatment plant to remove the pesticides, or Banning the use of the offending pesticides in the metropolitan area. Assume that either techniques reduces pesticides to a level which does not adversely affect human health. The cost of these control options are as follows: Municipal treatment upgrades: Capital Costs = $9 million. The new plant is constructed over one year. It starts operating at the beginning of year two. Once the plant begins operation, it has operating costs of $1 million per year. Once constructed, the plant lasts for 5 years, then it must be replaced with a new plant. Pesticide Ban: Annual operating costs due to substitution of non-toxic methods of controlling “pests” = $4 million per year. These costs would last forever. The…A major South African city generates electricity and sells it to its consumers. The city faces competition from independentrenewable power producers who also have licences to sell electricity to the public. The city however has cost advantagesdue to its size, but it is concerned of the political and economic ramifications of raising its tariffs, in these uncertaineconomic times. As a result, it is highly likely that tariffs will remain unchanged over the next financial year. The city’smarginal revenue is given as R3 000, and its costs are given as follows:TC = R82 000 + R1 000 + 0.01q2 MCMC= R1 000 + R0.02q4.1 Assess the efficiency arguments in favour of and against the renewable energy generation in SouthAfrica