a) Use an appropriate diagram, to explain how the Permanent Income Theory of Consumption reconciles the results of cross-section and time series estimate of the Keynesian aggregate consumption function. (b) With the help of a diagram, explain the effect of an increase in nominal income on interest rate
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a) Use an appropriate diagram, to explain how the Permanent Income Theory of Consumption reconciles the results of cross-section and time series estimate of the Keynesian aggregate consumption function.
(b) With the help of a diagram, explain the effect of an increase in nominal income on interest rate.
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- Consumption and the real interest rate: According to the life-cycle / permanent-income hypothesis, consumption depends on the present discounted value of income. An increase in the real interest rate will make future income worth less, thereby reducing the present discounted value and reducing consumption. To incorporate this channel into the model, suppose the consumption equation is given by Assume the remainder of the model is unchanged from the original setup, as in Table 11.1. (a) Derive the IS curve for this new specification. (b) How and why does it differ from the original IS curve?In consumption theory, what is meant by the expression “consumption smoothing”? Why is consumption smoothing a key element of the life-cycle hypothesis and permanent income hypothesis? (100 words max)In the Neoclassical model of determination of income in the long run we assumed that aggregate consumption was an increasing function of disposable income, , and nothing else. Suppose that instead we assume that consumption is an increasing function of disposable income, , and a decreasing function of the real interest rate, . Provide an economic rationale for making consumption a function of the real interest rate. How does this assumption change the national saving function relative to the benchmark model Using the model developed in (1), use a diagram for the market for loanable funds to describe what happens to national saving, national investment, and the real interest rate when government expenditure increases. Make sure to also explain in your own words the economic intuition of your results.
- From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories of Consumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compare and contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk HypothesisWhich of the following statement is false? A. Consumption smoothing occurs when people borrow and save to smooth consumption over their lifetime. B. When making decisions about savings and borrowing, households and firms care more about the nominal interest rate than the real interest rate. C. Fisher equation describes the relationship between nominal and real interest rates under the effect of inflation. D. Movement along the demand curve for loanable funds is caused by a change in the interest rate.Let the equilibrium condition for national income be ?(?) + ?(?) = ?(?) + ? (? ′ , ? ′ ,? ′ > 0; ? ′ + ? ′ > ? ′ ) Where S, Y, T, I and G stand for saving, national income, taxes, investment and government expenditure respectively. All derivatives are continuous a. Interpret the economic meaning of the derivatives ? ′ , ? ′&? ′ b. Check whether the conditions for the implicit function theorem are satisfied. If so, write the equilibrium identity c. Find ??̅ ?? and discuss its economic implications
- With the theoritical of Permanent-Income Hypothesis in mind, explain how Friedman sought to reconcile the evidence about consumption from cross-sectional data with that from time series macroeconomic data?.In the Neoclassical model of determination of income in the long run we assumed that aggregate consumption was an increasing function of disposable income, , and nothing else. Suppose that instead we assume that consumption is an increasing function of disposable income, , and a decreasing function of the real interest rate, . Provide an economic rationale for making consumption a function of the real interest rate. How does this assumption change the national saving function relative to the benchmark model?Which of following statements explains why the consumption of all 'weak-willed' households tends to closely track their income? Select one: a. Households suffering from 'weakness of will' try to live beyond their means. b. Households suffering from 'weakness of will' are unlikely to have accumulated savings. c. Households suffering from weakness of will are unlikely to make the effort to find alternative income and employment in the face of a negative shock. d. Weak-willed households tend to borrow more to sustain consumption if their income falls
- can i get help please? The population is aware that the government borrowing required to finance this capital investment will need to be paid back via tax rises, so they respond by reducing their spending. Using a “Keynesian cross” framework and sketch diagram, model this response as a fall in autonomous consumption, c0.Discuss the lifecycle income hypothesis theory of consumption and explain its applicability in the Kenyan context.Explain why changes in consumption are unpredictable if consumers obey the permanent-income hypotheses and have rational expectations.