ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS USING THE GIVEN SCIENTIFIC PAPER.a. Explain how figures 3 and 5 are connected. Does this support the hypothesis proposed by Parent and colleagues (2015)?b. What is the main goal of the study? State using the if-then format. c. What are the two substances that confer resistance to the white spruces?d. What stage of the spruce budworm is most susceptible to the bioactive substances of white spruce? Microevolutionarypatterns of aresistance mechanism in white spruceG. J. Parent¹, I. Giguère¹*, J. J. MacKay²¹ Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Centre d'étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval,Québec, Canada (genevieve.parent.5@ulaval.ca) 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKResistance mechanismResults: distribution of resistant treeslinked to insect development* White spruces (Picea glauca) resistant against spruce budworm(Choristoneura fumiferana) contain two aglycon acetophenones,piceol and pungenol, that reduce by half the survival rate of SBWwhen added to artificial diet. (Delvas and coll. 2011)Geographic variationLow valuesO Normal values●High valuesArea 2The enzyme PgBGLU-1 catalyzes the synthesis of aglyconacetophenones from picein and pungenin (Fig. 1). (Mageroy and coll. 2015)Area 1This resistance mechanism is genetically transmissible; progenyfrom resistant trees have more transcripts of PgBglu-1 gene thanthose from non-resistant trees. (Mageroy and coll. 2015)Figure 3. Nonrandomdistribution ofresistant trees. Blueor red dots identifyprovenances of lowor high abundanceof resistant trees,respectively.Area 368Insect fitness is lower on resistant trees than on non-resistant trees.(results not shown)solSites within areas 1 and 2 identified as high or low values in twodifferent trials.piceinpungeninpiceolpungenol* Resistant trees more frequent in the center of study area (area 2).Non resistant trees more frequent in the south-west (area 1) and east(area 3) regions.enzymePgBGLU-1Explanatory variablesValcartier Mastigouche SussexXXXXFigure 1.Resistance mechanism.Table 2. Summary of exploratoryregression results.L2+ timingPrecipitationForest typeElevationR²0.360.190.19Random distribution ofresistant trees?Timing of L2+ (Fig. 4) and precipitationas significant explanatory variables in at least two trials (Table 2). Timingof L2+ is the greatest explanatory variable across the study area (Fig. 5).* Medium to low regression coefficients.This project aims to determine if trees using thisresistance mechanism have different fitness acrossthe eastern distribution of white spruce.L2 to L6Adults-Eggs-L1+-L2+L2DiapauseFigure 4.UnivoltineSBW lifecycle.Material and methodsFall-WinterSpringSummerSampling: year foliage of white spruces in 3 provenance (p.)trials (Fig. 2 Valcartier 25 p., Mastigouche 42 p., Sussex 32 p.);Figure 5. Variation inSBW developmentOO8* Lab analyses: quantification of transcripts by RTqPCR and ofphenolic compounds with liquid chromatography coupled withUV detector (LCUV) or mass spectrometry;duration. Averagejulian day ofappearance of 50% ofSBW L2+ stage duringsummer from 1900 toTable 1. Summary of Traits/Phenotypestrait values associated Pg8glu-1 expressionNon-resistant ResistantLow68 2014.Highwith resistance Piceolphenotypes. PungenolLowHighLowHigh* Early appearance of L2+ stage (Fig. 5) linked to low survival of SBW.In silico analyses: simulations of the average timing of lifecycle of SBW and annual water precipitation (BIOSIM v10);forest type from raster LandCoverCanada 2005 (ArcGIS v10.2.2);Conclusion and perspectiveGeographic statistical analyses (ArcGIS v10.2.2): hot spotanalyses (Getis-Ord), exploratory regressions (4 variables).The selection pressure exerted by SBW on white spruce couldexplain the distribution of resistant trees.Sampling during summer 2015 of areas recently affected by SBW totest the following hypothesis: resistant trees have greater survivalthan non resistant trees in areas affected by SBW.AcknowledgementsOÉ. Bauce, J. Bohlmann, and M. Mageroy for their constructivecomments.M. Charest, G. Germanos, G. Piette Lauzière, J. Piette and D.Vigneault Roussy for their help in the field and lab work.Figure 2.Provenances in3 trials.●Valcartier 2013Mastigouche 2014Sussex 2014New PhytologistSymposium!+ MFFP: A. Rainville, G. Gagnon, L. Morneau for sampling andhelpful discussions.Delvas et al. (2011). Entomologia Exp. Et App. 141: 35-44.Mageroy et al. (2015). The Plant Journal 81: 68-80.+ CFS-Station de recherche forestière de Valcartier: D. Plourde,Rémi St-Amant.References0-227O228-232O 233-238O 239-244245-248UNIVERSITÉLAVALNSERCCRSNG

Resistance Resistance is defined as the ability of an organism to avoid the attack of a compound or…

a. Explain how figures 3 and 5 are connected. Does this support the hypothesis proposed by Parent and colleagues (2015)? b. What is the main goal of the study? State using the if-then format. c. What are the two substances that confer resistance to the white spruces? d. What stage of the spruce budworm is most susceptible to the bioactive substances of white spruce?

a. Explain how figures 3 and 5 are connected. Does this support the hypothesis proposed by Parent and colleagues (2015)? b. What is the main goal of the study? State using the if-then format. c. What are the two substances that confer resistance to the white spruces? d. What stage of the spruce budworm is most susceptible to the bioactive substances of white spruce?

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter37: Plant Signals And Responses To The Environment

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2ITD

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A group of students have carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the amount of growth hormone BAP in the culture medium and the growth of shoot of jckplant.They have supplemented the medium with 4 different concentration of growth hormone which is (1 mg/L ,2 mg/L BAP,3 mg/L 4 mg/L) of BAP.According to the result after eight weeks, BAP at 2 mg/L had given better response with respect to shoot induction, shoot multiplication, length of shoot, and number of leaves per explants when compare with other amount of BAP. The lowest shoot development is BAP at 1 mg/L. Discuss why 2mg/L of BAP compared to other concentration shows the better development and 1mg/L shows the lowest development?
A group of students have carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the amount of growth hormone BAP in the culture medium and the growth of shoot of jckplant.They have supplemented the medium with 4 different concentration of growth hormone which is (1 mg/L ,2 mg/L BAP,3 mg/L 4 mg/L) of BAP.According to the result after eight weeks, BAP at 2 mg/L had given better response with respect to shoot induction, shoot multiplication, length of shoot, and number of leaves per explants when compare with other amount of BAP. The lowest shoot development is BAP at 1 mg/L. What is the general conclusion that can you make from result of the experiment?
A group of students have carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the amount of growth hormone BAP in the culture medium and the growth of shoot of jckplant.They have supplemented the medium with 4 different concentration of growth hormone which is (1 mg/L ,2 mg/L BAP,3 mg/L 4 mg/L) of BAP.According to the result after eight weeks, BAP at 2 mg/L had given better response with respect to shoot induction, shoot multiplication, length of shoot, and number of leaves per explants when compare with other amount of BAP. The lowest shoot development is BAP at 1 mg/L. Discuss why 2mg/L of BAP shows the better development and 1mg/L shows the lowest development?
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