Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the following epoxide gives a trans diol. CH3 CH3 CH3 НО, НО, H,SO, + H,O HO HO Only this glycol This glycol is is formed. not formed. Of the two possible trans diols, only one is formed. How do you account for this stereoselectivity?
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- Treatment of 1-aminoadamantane, C10H17N, with methyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate in the presence of a nonnucleophilic base, R3N, involves two successive SN2 reactions and gives compound A. Propose a structural formula for compound A.Show the products you would obtain by acid-catalyzed reaction of cyclohexanone with ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2, and with diethylamine, (CH3CH2) 2NH.A step in a synthesis of PGE1 (prostaglandin E1, alprostadil) is the reaction of a trisubstituted cyclohexene with bromine to form a bromolactone. Propose a mechanism for formation of this bromolactone and account for the observed stereochemistry of each substituent on the cyclohexane ring. Alprostadil is used as a temporary therapy for infants born with congenital heart defects that restrict pulmonary blood flow. It brings about dilation of the ductus arteriosus, which in turn increases blood flow in the lungs and blood oxygenation.
- Following is a synthesis for toremifene, a nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist whose structure is closely related to that of tamoxifen. (a) This synthesis makes use of two blocking groups, the benzyl (Bn) group and the tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group. Draw a structural formula of each group and describe the experimental conditions under which it is attached and removed. (b) Discuss the chemical logic behind the use of each blocking group in this synthesis. (c) Propose a mechanism for the conversion of D to E. (d) Propose a mechanism for the conversion of F to toremifene. (e) Is toremifene chiral? If so, which of the possible stereoisomers are formed in this synthesis?-Hydroxyketones and -hydroxyaldehydes are also oxidized by treatment with periodic acid. It is not the -hydroxyketone or aldehyde, however, that undergoes reaction with periodic acid, but the hydrate formed by addition of water to the carbonyl group of the -hydroxyketone or aldehyde. Write a mechanism for the oxidation of this -hydroxyaldehyde by HIO4.When cis-2-decalone is dissolved in ether containing a trace of HCl, an equilibrium is established with trans-2-decalone. The latter ketone predominates in the equilibrium mixture. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization and account for the fact that the trans isomer predominates at equilibrium.
- The following bicyclic ketone has two -carbons and three -hydrogens. When this molecule is treated with D2O in the presence of an acid catalyst, only two of the three -hydrogens exchange with deuterium. The -hydrogen at the bridgehead does not exchange. How do you account for the fact that two -hydrogens do exchange but the third does not? You will find it helpful to build models of the enols by which exchange of -hydrogens occurs.Amines are converted into alkenes by a two-step process called Hofmann elimination. SN2 reaction of the amine with an excess of CH3I in the first step yields an intermediate that undergoes E2 reaction when treated with silver oxide as base. Pentylamine, for example, yields 1-pentene. Propose a structure for the intermediate, and explain why it readily undergoes elimination.Treatment of an aldehyde or ketone with cyanide ion (-:C=N), followed by protonation of the tetrahedral alkoxide ion intermediate, gives a cyanohydrin. Show the structure of the cyanohydrin obtained from cyclohexanone.
- The base-promoted rearrangement of an a-haloketone to a carboxylic acid, known as the Favorskii rearrangement, is illustrated by the conversion of 2-chlorocyclohexanone to cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. Jo Han Sow La NaOH, THF O Nat H3O+ OH NaOH, THF The mechanism involves the following 5 steps: -ō cyclopropanone intermediate 1. Abstraction of a proton to form enolate anion 1; 2. Formation of a cyclopropanone intermediate 2 with expulsion of chloride ion; 3. Addition of hydroxide ion to form tetrahedral intermediate 3; 4. Collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and breakage of the three-membered ring to form carbanion intermediate 4; 5. Proton transfer to form the rearranged carboxylic acid. For the following reaction, draw the reaction out on paper, and then draw the structure of cyclopropanone intermediate 2 in the window. 1. NaOH, THF 2. H3O* OHWhich of the following statements about terminal alkynes is FALSE?I I. A geminal dihalide is produced by the hydrohalogenation reaction.II. The proton in the terminal carbon is acidic but just slightly.III.They create an aldehyde when they react with H2O, H2SO4, and HgSO4.IV. A silver acetylide is formed after treatment with alcoholic AgNO3.The following compound undergoes Benzilic Acid Rearrangementto yield a hydroxyacid salt. Propose a mechanism for the reaction, write the major product, and provide an explanation as to the preference of migration of one R group over the other.