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- clostridium botulinum is a bacterium usually present in soil that may cause botulism. Briefly explain why one or few cells of a pathogenic bacterium, such as clostridium botulism, by itself typically does not secrete a toxin, despite the species as a whole being characterized as toxin producing.Botulism is commonly associated with ingestion of specific typesof food prepared in a particular manner. What is it about both thefood and preparation that encourages infection?Define the following terms:a. botulismb. botulinum toxinc. t-SNAREd. v-SNAREe. membrane fusion
- Which of the following statements about botulism is true?a) It is caused by Bacillus botulinum, an obligate aerobe.b) The toxin is heat-resistant, withstanding temperatures of 100 8 C.c) The organism that causes botulism can cause disease withoutencountering the immune response.d) Vaccinations are routinely given to prevent botulism.e) Symptoms of botulism include uncontrolled contraction of muscles.Would you expect to find the same typesof microorganisms associated with black smokerand carbonate vent systems? Explain.Chopped garlic often contains C. botulinum endospores and iscommonly sold submerged in olive oil, which creates an anaerobicenvironment. What is required to be added to garlic sold in thismanner?a. sodium chlorideb. citric acidc. waterd. A warning label describing the symptoms of botulism.
- Which of the following is commonly directly responsible forcausing septic shock today?(a) Bacterial hemagglutinins (d) Fungal aflatoxins(b) Bacterial endotoxins (e) Bacterial neurotoxins(c) Bacterial exotoxinsMatch the following: ___ etiological agent A. signs etc that indicate disease ___ morbidity B. poisons in blood ___microbial antagonism C. competition ___toxemia D. organism ___syndrome E. diseasepathophysiology Which clinical condition is associated with anabolism? give scientific rational A.Stress B.Starvation C.Healing D.Fever
- Account for the fact that boiling does not destroy botulism spores but does inactivate botulinum toxin.Benzoic acid is an antimicrobial chemical naturally found inwhich of the following foods?a) Apples b) Cranberries c) Eggsd) Milk e) YogurtAnaerobic bacteria produces which of the following inhibitory toxic product? -methilane -cyanide oxides -fatty acids -sulphides