An economy is characterized by the following relations: Y = F(K,AL) = Kª(AL)1-a : Production function f(k) = F(k, 1) : Functional transformation with capital per capita with labor-augmenting technology. f'(k) : Marginal productivity of capital. K+1 = K, + I - 8K : Capital accumulation Y = C +I → I = Y – C = S = sY : Equilibrium and S=I relation %3D %3D -
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- Consider an economy with the following aggregate production function: Y = 3K1/3(AL)2/3 Capital grows through investment but also decays due to wear and tear at a constant rate δ per period. Assume that A is growing at the exogenous rate g, that L is growing at the exogenous rate n, and that households save a constant proportion s of their income. (a ) Find the steady state level of the capital per effective worker (k*), output per effective worker (y*) and consumption per effective worker (c*) - in terms of the parameters of the model. (B) What is the level of k (k**) that maximizes consumption? (C) Given a depreciation rate of 7%, population growth rate of 2%, technological progress of 1% and a saving rate of 30%, calculate the steady state levels of k, y and c. (D) To move to the level of capital that maximizes consumption, how should the saving rate be changed? Explain. (E) Calculate the saving rate needed to reach the golden rule level of capital per effective worker.In class we argued that if people could accumulate human as well as physical capital, the production function would look like the “AK” production function. • (a) If the production function is AK and the savings rate is constant at rate “s”, and the rates of depreciation and populati on growth are δ and n respectively, what would the growth rate of the economy be? • (b) What would be the macroeconomic consequences of decreasing the savings rate in this economy? • (c) What would be the consequences of an increase in fertility in this economy? • (d) Would the consequences of decreasing fertility be UNAMBIGUOUSLY GOOD? • (e) Can human capital grow without bounds? Explain why or why not (make sure you discuss the physical nature of human capital). • (f) What is the growth rate of the economy (in the absence of technological progress) if human capital cannot grow without bounds?You have been tasked with developing a research report based on an economy of your choice anywhere in the world. The economy you select should be a growing economy or an economy that has experienced growth at some stage in its development. Present the finding of your research under the following headings. CRITICAL INDSUTRIES Identify the industry (industries) that are strategically important and critical for economic growth in your chosen economy. Provide a brief background into the nature of each of these industries and their contribution to the economy as a whole. Limit your discussion to two industries. (150 - 200 words)
- Suppose that production in an economy is represented by the production function Y = K1/4. If the investment rate is equal to 0.25 and the depreciation rate is equal to 0.10, calculate the steady-state levels of capital and output.Suppose that output is given by the neoclassical production function Y (t) = F (K(t), L(t), A(t)) satisfying Assumptions 1 and 2, and that we observe output, capital, and labor at two dates t and t + T . Suppose that we estimate TFP growth between these two dates using the equation Where g(t, t + T ) denotes output growth between dates t and t + T , and other growth terms are defined similarly, while αK(t) and αL(t) denote the factor shares at the beginning date. Let x(t, t + T ) be the true TFP growth between these two dates. Show that there exist functions F such that x(t, t ˆ + T )/x(t, t + T ) can be arbitrarily large or small. Next show the same result when the TFP estimate is constructed using the end-date factor shares: Explain the importance of differences in factor proportions (capital-labor ratio) between the beginning and end dates in these results.Suppose that K(t+3)/N > K(t+1)/N, where K(t+3) is capital in period t+3 and K(t+1) is capital in period t+1. The economy will reach or reached a steady-state (long-run equilibrium) in period __ (choose the best one, given the information available). t+5 t-2. t-1. t
- If the maximum potential combination of consumer and capital goods produced by an economy has increased over time, which of the following is true? a. Marginal tax rates have increased due to contradictory fiscal policy. b. Keynesian policy initiatives have allowed for increased consumption of both consumer and capital goods. c. New physical capital has been introduced to firms throughout the economy. d. Resources are being utilized inefficiently at this combination of goods and services. e. Monetary policy authorities have effectively decreased bank reserves through open market operations.The determinants of productivity Consider a simple economy whose only industry is fishing. In this industry, productivity—the amount of goods and services a worker can produce per hour—is measured by the number of fish one fisherman catches per hour. In the following table, match each example to the productivity determinant it represents. Examples Human Capital per Worker Natural Resources per Worker Physical Capital per Worker Technological Knowledge The fertile waters in which the fish feed and breed An advanced mapping system that determines the likelihood of finding fish schools in different depths and locations The skills workers develop through training before working on and piloting boats The boats in the fishing fleetConsider an economy described by the production function Y=F(K, L)=?^0.4?^0.6 A) What is the per-worker production function?B) Assuming no population growth or technological progress, find the steady-state capital stock per worker, output per worker, and consumption per worker as a function of the saving rate and the depreciation rate.
- Suppose some of the country's capital is suddenly destroyed. If the depreciation rate, savings rate, and production function remain unchanged, then the real growth rate will _____ in the short run and the steady-state level of capital will _____ increase, decrease, or stay the same?Consider the simple innovation model. In this model, the society allocates a fraction "gamma" of workforce to innovation and the remaining fraction to production. Suppose that, for simplicity, total workforce is normalized to unity: L = 1. If the productivity growth rate is defined by d A_t / d t = "theta" * "gamma" * A_t and real GDP per worker by y_t = A_t * ( 1 - "gamma" ), what is the long-run growth rate of y_t ?– Consider the following one-period model. Assume that the consumption good is produced by a linear technology: Y = zN D where Y is the output of the consumption good, z is the exogenous total factor productivity, N D is the labour hours. Government has to finance its expenditures, G, using a tax on the representative firm. The government collects t units of consumption goods from the firm for each unit of labor it employs (0 < t < 1). There is no other tax in the economy. The firm is owned by the representative consumer who is endowed with h hours of time she can allocate between work, NS and leisure, l. Preferences of the representative consumer are: U(c, l) = ln c + ln l (1) ) Solve for the leisure, l, the consumption, c, employment, N, wage rate, w, tax rate, τ , and output, Y in equilibrium.