An individual has a vNM utility function over money of u(x) Vx, where x is final wealth. She currently has $8 and can choose among the following three lotteries. Which lottery will she choose? • Lottery 1: Give up her $8 and face the gamble (0.1, 0.5, 0.4) over final wealth levels ($1, $8, $27). • Lottery 2: Keep her $8. • Lottery 3: Give up her $8 and face the gamble (0.2, 0.8,0.0) over final wealth levels ($1, $8, $27) O Lottery 1 O Lottery 2 O Lottery 3 O They are indifferent between lotteries 1 and 2 O They are indifferent between lotteries 2 and 3 O They are indifferent between lotteries 1 and 3 O They are indifferent between all three lotteris
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- ***PLEASE NOTE: QUESTION HAS TWO PARTS REQUIRING ANSWER*** Q: Johnny Football has a utility function of the form ? = √?. Johnny is beginning his senior year of college football. If he is not seriously injured, he will receive a $1,000,000 contract for playing professional football. If any injury ends his football career, he will take a job as a refuse removal facilitator in his hometown that pays $10,000. There is a 10% chance that Johnny will be injured badly enough to end his career. a. What is Johnny’s expected utility? b. How much would Johnny be willing to pay to remove the financial riskhe faces? That is, what $p would he pay for a $1,000,000 insurancepolicy so that he would have $1,000,000-$p even if he had a seriousinjury? Assume he wouldn’t work for $10,000 if he had the insuranceand he was injured. Hint: You should set his utility with certainty(U($1,000,000-$p)) equal to his expected utility with risk (found inpart a) and solve for p.A woman with current wealth X has the opportunity to bet an amount on the occurrence of an event that she knows will occur with probability P. If she wagers W, she will received 2W, if the event occur and if it does not. Assume that the Bernoulli utility function takes the form u(x) = with r > 0. How much should she wager? Does her utility function exhibit CARA, DARA, IARA? Alex plays football for a local club in Kumasi. If he does not suffer any injury by the end of the season, he will get a professional contract with Kotoko, which is worth $10,000. If he is injured though, he will get a contract as a fitness coach worth $100. The probability of the injury is 10%. Describe the lottery What is the expected value of this lottery? What is the expected utility of this lottery if u(x) = Assume he could buy insurance at price P that could pay $9,900 in case of injury. What is the highest value of P that makes it worthwhile for Alex to purchase insurance? What is the certainty…Draw a utility function (with income on the horizontal axis) for an individual who is risk-loving at low levels of income, risk-neutral at moderate levels of income, and risk-averse at high levels of income (with each of these three regions clearly labeled). How would someone who looked at this graph (and had no other information about the individual) be able to figure out the individual’s attitude toward risk (averse/loving/neutral) in each region?
- Let b(p,s,t) be the bet that pays out s with probability p and t with probability 1−p. We make the three following statements: S1: The CME for b is the value m such that u(m)=E[u(b(p,s,t))]. S2: A risk averse attitude corresponds to the case CME smaller than E[b(p,s,t))]. S3: A risk seeking attitude corresponds to a convex utility function. Are these statements true or false?1- A consumer who starts (i.e. has an endowment) at point B, and has preferences shown by IC1, will want to borrow. Select one: True False 2-Assuming a mix of present and future consumption is preferred, ANY consumer who starts (i.e. has an endowment) at point A will gain utility from a rise in interest rates. Select one: True False 3-A consumer who starts at point B will want to borrow, but as little as possible in order to minimise the cost of interest. Select one: True False 4-If a consumer starts at point A, and then receives extra income in the present, this would appear as an outward shift of the budget constraint. Select one: True FalseConsider two individuals whose utility function over wealth I is ?(?) = √?. Both people face a 10 percent chance of getting sick, and foreach the total cost of illness equals $50,000. Suppose person A has a total net worth of $100,000, and person B has a total net worth of $1,000,000. Both people have the option to buy an actuarially fair insurance contract that would fully insure them against the cost of the illness. a. Using expected utility calculations, show that person A would certainly buy full, actuarially fair insurance. b. Suppose an insurance company wants to maximize profits and wants to charge each customer the maximum price they are willing to pay. How much should the insurance company charge each client so that both buy the contract? c. What is surprising about your result in part b? What does this tell you about how insurance companies may be pricing health insurance contracts in the real world?
- Scenario 2 Tess and Lex earn $40,000 per year and all earnings are spent on consumption (c). Tess and Lex both have the utility function ( sqrt c) . Both could experience an adverse event that results in earnings of $0 per year. Tess has a 1% chance of experiencing an adverse event and Lex has a 12% chance of experiencing an adverse event. Tess and Lex are both aware of their risk of an adverse event. Refer to Scenario 2 Calculate Lex’s and Tess' expected utilities without insurance. (each one separated) Round to two decimal places for bothVictoria founded a start-up several years ago, together with her Macedonian friends. At first, she was fairly poor and therefore very afraid of taking risks. Any negative shock could send the company into bankruptcy. Nowadays her business is thriving, stretching across several markets from Europe to Asia. Victoria no longer worries about taking monetary risks. In fact she enjoys a good gamble over horse races from time to time. How would you draw Victoria's utility function in a way that describes her changing taste for risk as her wealth increased? Please draw a graph and comment. Please do fast ASAP fastIndicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.If a person discounts utility from future periods, her preferences are time-inconsistent because she does not value utility in all periods equally.
- By using the expected utility theory approach with u(x)=x2, choose the optimal decision for three different possible outcomes with probabilities p(ω1)=1/2, p(ω2)=p(ω3)=1/4, rewards R(d1,ω1)=£49,R(d1,ω2)=R(d1,ω3)=£25, R(d2,ω1)=£36,R(d2,ω2)=£100,R(d2,ω3)=£0, R(d3,ω1)=£81,R(d3,ω2)=R(d3,ω3)=£0Show that a decision maker who has a linear utilityfunction will rank two lotteries according to their expectedvalue.Assume that someone has inherited 2,000 bottles of wine from a rich uncle. He or she intends to drink these bottles over the next 40 years. Suppose that this person’s utility function for wine is given by u(c(t)) = (c(t))0.5, where c(t) is each instant t consumption of bottles. Assume also this person discounts future consumption at the rate δ = 0.05. Hence this person’s goal is to maximize 0ʃ40 e–0.05tu(c(t))dt = 0ʃ40 e–0.05t(c(t))0.5dt. Let x(t) represent the number of bottle of wine remaining at time t, constrained by x(0) = 2,000, x(40) = 0 and dx(t)/dt = – c(t): the stock of remaining bottles at each instant t is decreased by the consumption of bottles at instant t. The current value Hamiltonian expression yields: H = e–0.05t(c(t))0.5 + λ(– c(t)) + x(t)(dλ/dt). This person’s wine consumption decreases at a continuous rate of ??? percent per year. The number of bottles being consumed in the 30th year is approximately ???