АСОРС MAPA DE CORREDORES BOLOGICOS AÑO 2017 ACLAR 23 Biological Corridors -National Program of Biological Corridors has protected 33% of the continental territory of Costa Rica -1.6 million hectacres of protected habitat -protects biodiversity, endangered species -generates income through ecotourism

АСОРС MAPA DE CORREDORES BOLOGICOS AÑO 2017 ACLAR 23 Biological Corridors -National Program of Biological Corridors has protected 33% of the continental territory of Costa Rica -1.6 million hectacres of protected habitat -protects biodiversity, endangered species -generates income through ecotourism

Principles of Economics 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172364

Author:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Publisher:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Chapter12: Environmental Protection And Negative Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5SCQ: Consider two approaches to reducing emissions of CO2 into the environment from manufacturing...

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In what ways (it) company investments in research and development create positive externalities?
Radio stations, tornado sirens, light houses, and street lights are all public goods in that all are nonrivalrous and nonexclusionary. Therefore why does the government provide tornado sirens, street lights and light houses but not radio stations (other than PBS stations)?
Consider two ways of protecting elephants from poachers in African countries. In one approach, the government sets up enormous national parks that have sufficient habitat for elephants to thrive and forbids all local people to enter the parks or to injure either the elephants or their habitat in any way. In a second approach, the government sets up national parks and designates 10 villages around the edges of the park as official tourist centers that become places where tourists can stay and bases for guided tours inside the national park. Consider the different incentives of local villagers-who often are very poor-in each of these plans. Which plan seems more likely to help the elephant population?
Consider two approaches to reducing emissions of CO2 into the environment from manufacturing industries in the United States. In the first approach, the U.S. government makes it a policy to use only predetermined technologies. In the second approach, the U.S. government determines which technologies are cleaner and subsidizes their use. Of the two approaches, which is the command-and-control policy?
A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
Name two public goods and explain why they are public goods.
A nation’s population size and the affluence of its citizenseach influence its resource consumption and environmentalimpact. As of 2013, the world’s population passed 7.1 billion,average per capita income was $11,690 per year, and the latest estimate for the world’s average ecological footprint was2.7 hectares (ha) per person. The sampling of data in the tablewill allow you to explore patterns in how population, affluence,and environmental impact are related. Calculate the total impact (national ecological footprint)for each country.
A nation’s population size and the affluence of its citizenseach influence its resource consumption and environmentalimpact. As of 2013, the world’s population passed 7.1 billion,average per capita income was $11,690 per year, and the latest estimate for the world’s average ecological footprint was2.7 hectares (ha) per person. The sampling of data in the tablewill allow you to explore patterns in how population, affluence,and environmental impact are related. Draw a graph illustrating total impact (on the y axis) inrelation to affluence (on the x axis). What do the resultssuggest to you?
Case: Despite 2015 Paris agreement, global carbon emissions increased 1.7 percent in 2017 and a further 2.7 percent in 2018; it has been estimated that the rate of increase in 2019 will be among the highest on record. The last four years have been the hottest on record, with 2019 on track to make it five. But analyses suggest that fast action now can reduce carbon emissions within 12 years and hold global increases below 2 degrees C and perhaps 1.5. Even though carbon emissions in The Gambia, Morocco and India are expected to rise, they’ll fall short of exceeding the 1.5-degree Celsius limit. But some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and United States, are not trying hard enough. a. Explain the inefficiency in this case! Use graphics b. Why can't this problem be solved through market mechanisms as in private goods? c. Give possible public (global) solutions and private (global) solutions to this and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each.
The problems with e.g."Acid rain" created by emissions of sulfur dioxide has been onemajor problem in Sweden, not least because emissions have occurred in other countries (eg England and Denmark) andthen transported here. Now assume that if one tonne of sulfur is emitted in England, it results in one (1) gram of sulfur deposition in Sweden. The corresponding deposit of one tonne of sulfur emissions in Denmark is assumed to be 3 grams. Suppose further that The socio-economic damage of one gram of sulfur deposit can be estimated at SEK 0.10.The marginal cost of reduce sulfur emissions in England is estimated at Z SEK per tonne, and in Denmark the equivalent is estimatedcost to 2Z SEK per tonne. Z indicates here the emission reduction in tonnes (eg in Denmark it would cost SEK 4 toreduce emissions by two tonnes). In other words, Z = 0 corresponds to the emission level where there is no reductionemissions occur. a) Suppose now that the European Union decides that Denmark and England…
"Population, Resources, and the Environment Much of the concern over environmental issues stems from the perception that we may reach a limit to the number of people whose needs can be met by the earth’s finite resources. We may or may not reach this point, given the potential for new technological discoveries, but it is clear that continuing on our present path of accelerating environmental degradation would severely compromise the ability of present and future generations to meet their needs. A slowing of population growth rates would help ease the intensification of many environmental problems. However, the rate and timing of fertility declines, and thus the eventual size of world population, will largely depend on the commitment of governments to creating economic and institutional conditions that are conducive to limiting fertility." What is the meaning of this statement?
A corrective tax on the emission of carbon wastes is one possible way to reduce the economic costs associated with global warming. Critically analyze the Pigovian or Corrective Taxes?