Assume: The current levels of intended spending are: C = $200B + 0.85Yd X = $250B Yf = $2.8T | = $150B M = 0.1Yd TR1 = 20% G1 = $300B Prices are constant Question 16 Thought Question - Under the initial scenario, what is the current rate of savings as a percent of gross income? 1. 2.75% 2. 16% 3. 12 % 4.0.05%
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- A consumer's income in the current period is y = 100 and income in the future period is y'= 120. He or she pays lump-sum taxes t=20 in the current period and t'= 10 in the future period. The real interest rate is 0.1, or 10%, per period. (a) Determine what the consumer's optimal current-period and future-period consump tions are, and what optimal saving is, and show this in a diagram with the consumer's budget constraint and indifference curves. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? (b) Now suppose that instead of y = 100 the consumer has y = 140 Again, determine optimal consumption in the current and future periods and optimal saving, and show this in a dia gram. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? (c) Explain the differences in your results be tween parts (a) and (b).Bora's income in the current period is y=200, and income in the future period is y'=250. He pays lump-sum taxes t=30 in the current period and t'=10 in the future period. The real interest rate is 5%, per period.Suppose that Bora will always choose current consumption, c and the future consumption, c′ in a constant proportion:c=32c′ a) Determine the optimal current-period and future-period consumption for Bora. b) Determine the optimal saving for Bora, and show this in a diagram with his budget constraint and indifference curves, and also determine if Bora is a lender or a borrower?A consumer's current income (y) is 200 and the future income ( t.') is 240. A current lump sum tax (t) of 10 is paid and the tax in the next period (t) is 15. The real interest rate is 20% for each period. Please assume that current and future consumption are complements. and the consumer always prefers to have one unit of current consumption and two units of consumption in the future. Calculate the optimal current and future consumption and the optimal current and future savings. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? How does he she. as a lender or a borrower. affect the future consumption?
- Assume a consumer has current-period income y = 200, future-period income y′ = 150, current and future taxes t = 40 and t′ = 50, respectively, and faces a market real interest rate of r = 0.05, or 5% per period. The consumer would like to consume according to the following utility function: U (c, c′ ) = ln(c) + ln(c′ ). Show mathematically the lifetime budget constraint for this consumer. Find the optimal consumption in the current and future periods and optimal saving. Suppose that instead of r = 0.05 the interest rate is r = 0.1. Repeat parts (a) and (b). Does the substitution effect or the income effect dominate?A consumer's current income (y) is 200 and the future income ( t.') is 240. A current lump sum tax (t) of 10 is paid and the tax in the next period (t') is 15. The real interest rate is 20% for each period. Please assume that current and future consumption are complements. and the consumer always prefers to have one unit of current consumption and two units of consumption in the future.Calculate the consumer's lifetime wealth.Calculate the optimal current and future consumption and the optimal current and future savings. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? How does he she. as a lender or a borrower. affect the future consumption?Consider the following 2-period model U(C1,C2) = min{3C1,4C2} C1 + S = Y1 – T1 C2 = Y2 – T2 + (1+r)S Where C1 : first period consumption C2 : second period consumption S : first period saving Y1 = 20 : first period income T1 = 5 : first period lump-sum tax Y2 = 50 : second period income T2 = 10 : second period lump-sum tax r = 0.05 : real interest rate Find the optimal saving, S*
- 14. To use the Net Present Value (NPV) method of capital budgeting, one could calculate the present value of all the future net cash flows of an investment discounted at its cost of capital, and then subtract which one of the following? OA. The salvage value OB. The present value of the salvage value OC. The initial cost of the investment OD. The initial cost of the investment less the present value of the salvage valueSuppose that private savings and investment functions are given by: S = −c0 + (1 − c1)(Y − T) I = b0 + b1Y with G = T = 0. Assume 0 < b1 < 1−c1 < 1 (i.e. that slope of the savings curve is steeper than that of the investment curve). (a) Model Basics: Draw a graph of the investment=savings model with S,I on the vertical axis, and Y on the horizontal axis. Clearly label the 1) specific values of each intercept, 2) specific values of the slopes of each curve. (b) Suppose consumers choose to save more by reducing consumption at any given level of income, so that c0 declines. Show this on the graph. What are the effects of this change on 1) output, 2) the level of private savings, 3) the level of investment. (c) Briefly describe the economic intuition behind your results. Why is this called the paradox of thrift? (1-2 sentences is fine). (d) Deriving the Model: Show that the equilibrium condition Y = C + I + G implies I = S + T − GScenario 1: Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) allow workers to shelter a portion of their income from taxation. Suppose the maximum annual contribution to accounts of this type is $6,000 per person. Now suppose there is an increase in the maximum contribution, from $6,000 to $9,000 per year. Shift the appropriate curve on the graph to reflect this change. This change in the tax treatment of saving causes the equilibrium interest rate in the market for loanable funds tofall and the level of investment spending toincrease . Scenario 2: An investment tax credit effectively lowers the tax bill of any firm that purchases new capital within some relevant time period. Suppose the government implements a new investment tax credit. Shift the appropriate curve on the graph to reflect this change. The implementation of the new tax credit causes the interest rate tofall and the level of saving tofall . Scenario 3: Initially, the government's budget is balanced; then…
- Three students have each saved $1,000. Each has an investment opportunity in which he or she can invest up to $2,000. Here are the rates of return on the students’ investment projects: Student Return (Percent) Carlos 4 Felix 7 Janet 15 Assume borrowing and lending is prohibited, so each student uses only personal saving to finance his or her own investment project. Complete the following table with how much each student will have a year later when the project pays its return. Student Money a Year Later (Dollars) Carlos Felix Janet Now suppose their school opens up a market for loanable funds in which students can borrow and lend among themselves at an interest rate rr. A student would choose to be a lender in this market if his or her expected rate of return is than rr. Suppose the interest rate is 6 percent. Among these three students, the quantity of loanable funds supplied would be ,…The demand ? (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value ?? = 1000, and two years to maturity as a function of its price ? is ? = 4000 − 2?. The supply in (billions of £)asafunctionofthepriceofthebondis ? = 2?+ 400. There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, the new demand curve is given by: ?=4000+?−2? ,whereas the new supply curve is ?=2? + 200. For which values of ? will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of ? are in line with empirical data?1. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, during therecession of 2007–2009, household saving as a fraction of dis-posable personal income increased from a low of just over1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 to 5 percent in the secondquarter of 2009. All else equal, what impact would this changein saving have on the MPC, MPS, and multiplier? How wouldthis change affect equilibrium output when planned invest-ment changes? 2. Assume in a simple economy that the level of saving is –500 whenaggregate output equals zero and that the marginal propensity tosave is 0.2. Derive the saving function and the consumption func-tion, and draw a graph showing these functions. At what level ofaggregate output does the consumption curve cross the 45° line?Explain your answer and show this on the graph.