Assume the economy starts at full employment. Illustrate the short-run and long-run impact of an unexpected fiscal expansion using (a) The AD-AS model (b) the Phillips curve
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1. Assume the economy starts at full employment. Illustrate the short-run and long-run impact of an
unexpected fiscal expansion using
(a) The AD-AS model
(b) the
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- Draw and AS-AD model of an economy suffering from unemployment. What is one fiscal policy that can be implemented to close this gap? Draw the effect of that policy?Explain how the model returns to long-run equilibrium if the government does not intervene.Directions: Read the following excerpts. Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary and expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change that would occur on the ADAS graph as a result of the policy action described in each. Identify what will happen as a result of the policy to the price level, employment, and real GDP. Excerpt from Public Law 110-85 of the 110th Congress: Signed into law by President George W. Bush February 13, 2008 “To provide economic stimulus through recovery rebates to individuals, incentives for business investment, and an increase in conforming and FHA loan limits. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. Title I – Recovery Rebates and Incentives for Business Investment … Sec. 101. 2008 recovery rebates for individuals. Sec. 102. Temporary increase in limitations on expensing of certain depreciable business assets Sec. 103. Special allowance for certain property…4. Analyze the effects of a contractionary fiscal policy on IS-LM model and AD-AS model when the labor market presents rigidities and nominal wages are not dynamic. Explain carefully and use the graphs.
- 1. Show an expansionary gap with the AD/AS graph as well as the Phillips Curve. What can the government do to close this gap using Fiscal Policy? Explain. Make sure you label the graphs properly and draw arrows showing all shifts.2) The short and medium run a) Suppose that the mark-up of goods prices over marginal costs is 10% and that the wage-setting equation is W = P(1 – u), where u is the unemployment rate. Calculate the real wage, asdetermined by the price-setting equation and the natural rate of unemployment. b) Consider a situation (A) where the government increases its spending G, while keeping thetaxes T unchanged leading to an expansionary fiscal policy. Show in diagram below, whathappens to output and prices in the (B) short run and (C) medium run? Don’t forget to label theaxis.(images)Determine how each of the following monetary or fiscal policy would shift the aggregate demand curve. Illustrate and explain the following effect. a. Assuming the economy is currently producing above the full employment output, the government decided to increase the personal income tax as a form of contractionary fiscal policy. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve. b. With the recession due to COVID-19, the central bank has decided to lower down discount rates and reserve requirements of the commercial bank. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve.
- An economy is in long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What kind of gap - inflationary or recessionary - will the economy face after the shock, and what type of fiscal policies would help move the economy back to potential output? How would your recommended fiscal policy shift the aggregate demandcurve? (Note: you do not need to draw anything).(a) A stock market boom increases the value of stocks held by households.(b) Firms come to believe that a recession in the near future is likely.(c) Anticipating the possibility of war, the government increases its purchases of military equipment.(d) The quantity of money in the economy declines and interest rates increase.• Consider a baseline short run equilibrium where output is 16 trillion dollars, and the price level is 20. Note: In the Long Run Steady State Equilibrium, Price expectation is the same as price level & unemployment is 5% or lower. None of these are guaranteed in the short run. Usually, short run equilibrium is called an underemployment equilibrium.• Starting from the baseline, suppose COVID 19 hits this economy. Question What policies would you propose now (Monetary/Fiscal; Expansionary/contractionary)? As you know by now there are many different ways to implement Fiscal and Monetary policies. Which method did you select? (Cutting taxes, increasing taxes,reducing government expenditure, increasing government expenditure for fiscal policies, & lowering reserve ratio, increasing reserve ratio, OMO buying bonds, OMO selling bonds etc. for monetary policies.)Directions: Read the following excerpts. Identify whether the policy action is fiscal or monetary and expansionary or contractionary. Draw and label the change that would occur on the ADAS graph as a result of the policy action described in each. Identify what will happen as a result of the policy to the price level, employment, and real GDP. Excerpt from Public Law 111-5 of the 111th Congress: Signed into law by President Obama February 17, 2009 “Making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the unemployed, and State and local fiscal stabilization. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. TITLE XII—Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies …projects eligible for funding provided under this heading shall include, but not be limited to, highway or bridge projects eligible under title 23, United…
- The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-21 has had a significant impact on the Australian economy. a) What is the the short-run equilibrium impact on inflation and output of the lockdown that governments imposed? Explain using the AS-AD model with graphs The Australian government implemented fiscal stimulus aimed at supporting households and businesses. b) Describe the key elements of the fiscal stimulus.Initially, there is no output gap and inflation expectations are 2%. Then, expansionary fiscal policy results in GDP rising 3% above potential GDP. What is the inflation rate after that fiscal expansionQ) In case of DEFLATION, mention that which particular type of fiscal policy will be used and why and either each fiscal policy tool will be increased or decreased. Explanation and reasoning for each tool and its working separately is must.