at the promotion time for women and concludes that women face barriers to promotions. Proponents of free college education for all argue that teenage pregnancies and crime would be lower if everyone had the o
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- To demonstrate a causal relationship, the researchers must have appropriate time order and
covariation between the variables, and they must have eliminated plausible alternative explanations. What is missing, if anything, in the following cause-and-effect assertions? Explain.- A study looks at the promotion time for women and concludes that women face barriers to promotions.
- Proponents of free college education for all argue that teenage pregnancies and crime would be lower if everyone had the opportunity to go to college.
- An e-mail circulated stating that a study found that a majority of women who had breast cancer had used deodorant containing a specific chemical and argued that the government should ban that chemical.
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- A study was done with humans where it was found that children who were given antibiotics before they were one year old (for example, for ear infections) were more likely to be obese as adults than children who were not given antibiotics before they were one year old. Can this study be used as evidence of causality? a.yes b.noA correlational study is designed to A) test causal inferences B) assess the assocation between two measures C)compare the means of three or more groups D) manipulate the independent variablesA cross-sectional survey of just high school dropouts would provide adequate data for testing a causal argument about what may cause dropping out. True False
- Which of the following designs is best for testing a causal relationship? Cross-sectional Ecological Case-control Experimental trials Case report/case seriesIt appears that there is some truth to the old adage “That which doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.” Seery, Holman, and Silver (2010) found that individuals with some history of adversity report better mental health and higher well-being compared to people with little or no history of adversity. In an attempt to examine this phenomenon, a researcher surveys a group of college students to determine the negative life events that they experienced in the past 5 years and their current feeling of well-being. For n = 18 participants with 2 or fewer negative experiences, the average well-being score is M = 42 with SS = 398, and for n = 16 participants with 5 to 10 negative experiences the average score is M = 48.6 with SS = 370. a.) Is there a significant difference between the two populations represented by these two samples? Include whether you reject or retain the Null Hypothesis. Use a two-tailed test with α = 0.01 b.) Compute Cohen’s d to measure the size of the effect. c.) Write a…It appears that there is some truth to the old adage “That which doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.” Seery, Holman, and Silver (2010) found that individuals with some history of adversity report better mental health and higher well-being compared to people with little or no history of adversity. In an attempt to examine this phenomenon, a researcher surveys a group of college students to determine the negative life events that they experienced in the past 5 years and their current feeling of well-being. For n = 16 participants with 2 or fewer negative experiences, the average well-being score is M = 42 with SS = 398, and for n = 16 participants with 5 to 10 negative experiences the average score is M = 48.6 with SS = 370. Is there a significant difference between the two populations represented by these two samples? Use a two-tailed test with α = .01 [use the 4-step procedure]. [Remember to assess whether the assumption of homogeneity of variances is satisfied or not, alpha = .01…
- Compared to observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, experimental studies like RCTs are better at establishing causality. True FalseDetermine if the given problem is a cohort study. If the study is a cohort, identify if the design is prospective or retrospective. Also, identify the exposure variable and the outcome variable. If data is provided, perform simple analysis on the data and interpret the results. If the study is not a cohort, justify it by identifying and describing the key points why it is not a cohort study. A group cooperative in City A is a consumer-owned cooperative founded in 1945. In 1978, study was done wherein women who were aged 50-64 at the time of the study were identified. 8 women were excluded from the study because of a prior history of breast cancer. Their use of conjugated estrogens was obtained using computerized prescription records. From 1978 to 1984, women hospitalized with pathologic diagnosis of fibrocystic breast disease were identified.An organization that tracks crime statistics reports that cars of make A model U, make A model V, and make B model W are the cars most frequently reported stolen, while cars of make C model X, make D model Y, and make E model Z are stolen least often. Is it reasonable to say that there's a correlation between the type of car a person owns and the risk that it will be stolen? Choose the correct answer below. A. No, because there is clearly no association between the two variables. B. Yes, since there is clearly an association between the two variables. C. No, since the type of car a person owns is not a quantitative variable. D. Yes, since it is reasonable to find a correlation between any two variables. E. No, since there are too few data points to use correlation.
- Is there a relationship between autism and what an infant is fed? To determine if there is, a researcher asked a random sample of mothers what they had fed their infant and they also recorded whether or not the child was autistic. Almost all brands of formula sold in the U.S. are now fortified with DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). The data are in the table below. Do the data provide enough evidence to show that that what an infant is fed and autism are dependent? Test at the 1% level and round expected values to one decimal place. what an infant is fed yes (Observed) yes (Expected Value) no (Observed) no (Expected Value) Row Total breastmilk 6 422 428 formula with DHA/ARA 7 1156 1163 formula without DHA/ARA 15 525 540 Column Total 28 2103 2131 H: HypothesesHo:Ho:Select an answer whether or not a child has autism infant infants yes and Select an answer what an infant is fed infant infants no are Select an answer independent…Illustrate Granger Causality Tests? Also define Statistical inference and the Granger causality test?In a study to see if there is a relationship between students’ consumption of alcoholic beverages and their grade point averages, the drinking behavior would be the presumed cause or ____________________________ variable and the grade point average would be the effect or ________________________________________ variable.
