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- When studying living cells in a laboratory, researchers sometimesuse drugs as a way to cause cells to remain in a particular phaseof the cell cycle. For example, aphidicolin inhibits DNA synthesisin eukaryotic cells and causes them to remain in the G1 phasebecause they cannot replicate their DNA. In what phase of thecell cycle—G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase—would you expect somatic cells to stay if the followingtypes of drug were added?A. A drug that inhibits microtubule formationB. A drug that allows microtubules to form but prevents themfrom shorteningC. A drug that inhibits cytokinesisD. A drug that prevents chromosomal condensationWhen studying living cells in a laboratory, researchers sometimesuse drugs as a way to make cells remain at a particular stage of thecell cycle. For example, aphidicolin is an antibiotic that inhibitsDNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells and causes them to remain inthe G1 phase because they cannot replicate their DNA. In whatphase of the cell cycle—G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,or telophase—would you expect somatic cells to stay if they weretreated with each of the following types of drug?A. A drug that inhibits microtubule formationB. A drug that allows microtubules to form but prevents them fromshorteningC. A drug that inhibits cytokinesisD. A drug that prevents chromosomal condensationf you are growing mammalian cells in culture that are in G0, which of the following would you add to the cell culture media to stimulate them to leave G0 and enter the cell cycle? A. growth factors or other growth stimulatory molecules B. Taq polymerase C. Tau D. BrdU E. Na+ ions
- Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 Since there are about 1013 cells in an adult human,and about 1010 cells die and are replaced each day, webecome new people every three years.2 In order for proliferating cells to maintain a rela-tively constant size, the length of the cell cycle must matchthe time it takes for the cell to double in size.3 While other proteins come and go during thecell cycle, the proteins of the origin recognition complexremain bound to the DNA throughout.4 Chromosomes are positioned on the metaphaseplate by equal and opposite forces that pull them towardthe two poles of the spindle.5 Meiosis segregates the paternal homologs intosperm and the maternal homologs into eggs.6 If we could turn on telomerase activity in all ourcells, we could prevent aging.1. It is S phase of the cell cycle, and time to replicate the cell’s DNA. Using the following strand of DNA as a template, create the complementary strand:GCTCCTTACGGGCCCAATGACCTGAATGTACGAGATCCCATCCTTMorphology of Chromosomes can bebest studied at ______A. Interphase B. ProphseC. Metaphase D. Zygotene
- BPA is a chemical compound that has historically been used in themanufacture of plastic products. However, cells often mistake BPAcompounds for hormones that accelerate the cell cycle. Because ofthis, BPA is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. Question: Why do you think that very small concentrations of BPA mighthave a large effect on the cell?Discuss the differences between the compaction levels of metaphase chromosomes and those of interphase chromosomes. Whenwould you expect gene transcription and DNA replication to takeplace, during M phase or interphase? Explain whyBiologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment, researchers examined the effect of radium on mitosis of chick embryo cells growing in culture. A population of experimental cells was examined under the microscope for the number of cells in telophase (as a measure of mitosis occurring) before, during, and after exposure to radium. The results are shown in the Figure. What is the effect of radium exposure on mitosis? Source: R. G. Canti and M. Donaldson. 1926. The effect of radium on mitosis in vitro. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 100:413419.
- Match each term with its best description. ___ cell plate a. lump of cells ___ spindle b. made of microfilaments ___ tumor c. divide plant cells ___ cleavage furrow d. spindle originates here ___ contractile ring e. dangerous metastatic cells ___ cancer f. made of microtubules ___ centrosomes g. indentation ___ telomere h. shortens with ageChromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle? a. G 1 phase b. S phase c. prophase d. prometaphaseChromothripsis is a rare phenomenon, first discoveredin cancer cells, where a single chromosome “shatters”into many fragments and is reassembled in a rearrangedform by the DNA repair machinery. (The underlyingmechanism causing the shattering is not understood.)Approximately 2% of cancers contain cells with ashattered chromosome. Explain how chromothripsiscould contribute to cancer.