BackgroundProblem N° 1Objective: To explore chromosome number inliving organisms and apply the definitions ofploidy:Diploid = 2nHaploid = n (as in 2n → [4n] → n +n+n+n)Monoploid = nDraparnaldia plumosaDraparnaldia acutaNuclei in somatic cells of the freshwater alga Draparnaldia plumosa have 13 chromosomes. In the closely relatedspecies Draparnaldia acuta, nuclei in somatic cells have 26 chromosomes. The following is correct:Polyploid = 3n, 4n, 5, 6n, .a. Gametes of Draparnaldia acuta should contain 13 chromosomes.b. Draparnaldia plumosa zygotes contain 26 chromosomes; meiosis should occur after fertilization.c. Draparnaldia acuta is a diploid organism; the expected n number for its haploid gametes is 13.d. Draparnaldia plumosa is a monoploid organism with n = 13.All of the aboveе.BackgroundProblem N° 2Objective: To explore the concept of species in Somatic cells of the horse (Equus caballus) have 32 pairs of chromosomes, whereas the cells of the donkey (Equussexually reproducing organisms from theperspective of hybridization.asinus) have 31 pairs of chromosomes.How many chromosomes would be expected in the somatic cells of a hybrid mule?For some scientists, the concept of biologicalspecies concept focuses on the inability oforganisms from distinctly different species tosuccessfully hybridize or, if they do, theprogeny is sterile (e.g. lion + tiger = liger ortion, or horse + donkey = mule or hinny).Explain your answer:BackgroundProblem N° 3Objective: Correlate the amount of DNA withThe ant Myrmecia pilosula is found in Australia and is nicknamed the bulldog antbecause of its aggressive behavior. The female of the species carries all its geneticinformation in a single pair of chromosomes (2n=2). Males are monoploid andhave just one chromosome (n = 1).chromosome numbers in mitosis and meiosis.| 1 pg = 10gHere's a quick reminder of the cell cycle:?Given that each somatic G1 nucleus from a female specimen contains 16 pg ofDNA, how much chromosomal DNA (in pg) would you expect inG2a. a male somatic cell?The cell "double checks" theduplicated chromosomes foremor, making any neededrepairs.Mitosisb. a female gamete?CytokinesisG,c. a female somatic cell in G2?Each of the 46chromosomes isduplicated by thecell.d.a male gamete?Cellular contents,excluding the chromosomes,are duplicated. BackgroundProblem N° 4Objective: To use pedigrees in a case of aninherited disease in humans in order todetermine the type of generic inheritance.IIAccording to the National Cancer Institute(NCI), "a pedigree is an illustration of familyhistory and it shows relationships betweenfamily members and patterns of inheritancefor certain traits and diseases."347II123Pedigrees use standard symbols andconventions: O female; O male; • affectedfemale; I affected male; K proband, (a.k.a.consultand, the subject of genetic studies.Check the handout "Standard PedigreeNomenclature" in folder Minicourse 1 for moresymbols). Leftmost Roman numerals:generation considered in the pedigree; Arabicnumerals per row: individuals in that particularAnalyze the pedigree for myopia (nearsightedness) in a human family, depicted above.Question: What type of genetic inheritance is observed in this family for myopia?Here are a few pointers:Is there a hemizygous allele, linked to the Y chromosome?Is it a hemizygous allele linked to the X chromosome?Is it a recessive or dominant autosomal trait?Assuming that myopia is determined by a single allele, use the symbols M, m and assign genotypes to allindividuals on the pedigree above.O YesO NoO YesO NoO Dominantgeneration, regardless of what nuclear familythey are in; combinations of Roman and Arabicnumerals, a certain individual in a particulargeneration; e.g., affected female III-2,unaffected male l-3].Which individuals' genotypes would help in distinguishing what kind of inheritance for this trait is in playhere and why? Remember that individuals are designated with the generation (Roman numeral) and theindividual number (Arabic numeral), for example, 14, I12, II13, etc.Homozygous: two identical alleles in bothhomologous chromosomes, AA, or aaAnswer and explanationHeterozygous: different alleles on thehomologous chromosomes, AaHemizygous: one allele is present in onechromosome but not in the other. This canhappen in sex-chromosomes, XYSDR XY.

Question

BackgroundProblem N° 1Objective: To explore chromosome number inliving organisms and apply the definitions ofploidy:Diploid = 2nHaploid = n (as in 2n → [4n] → n +n+n+n)Monoploid = nDraparnaldia plumosaDraparnaldia acutaNuclei in somatic cells of the freshwater alga Draparnaldia plumosa have 13 chromosomes. In the closely relatedspecies Draparnaldia acuta, nuclei in somatic cells have 26 chromosomes. The following is correct:Polyploid = 3n, 4n, 5, 6n, .a. Gametes of Draparnaldia acuta should contain 13 chromosomes.b. Draparnaldia plumosa zygotes contain 26 chromosomes; meiosis should occur after fertilization.c. Draparnaldia acuta is a diploid organism; the expected n number for its haploid gametes is 13.d. Draparnaldia plumosa is a monoploid organism with n = 13.All of the aboveе.BackgroundProblem N° 2Objective: To explore the concept of species in Somatic cells of the horse (Equus caballus) have 32 pairs of chromosomes, whereas the cells of the donkey (Equussexually reproducing organisms from theperspective of hybridization.asinus) have 31 pairs of chromosomes.How many chromosomes would be expected in the somatic cells of a hybrid mule?For some scientists, the concept of biologicalspecies concept focuses on the inability oforganisms from distinctly different species tosuccessfully hybridize or, if they do, theprogeny is sterile (e.g. lion + tiger = liger ortion, or horse + donkey = mule or hinny).Explain your answer:BackgroundProblem N° 3Objective: Correlate the amount of DNA withThe ant Myrmecia pilosula is found in Australia and is nicknamed the bulldog antbecause of its aggressive behavior. The female of the species carries all its geneticinformation in a single pair of chromosomes (2n=2). Males are monoploid andhave just one chromosome (n = 1).chromosome numbers in mitosis and meiosis.| 1 pg = 10gHere's a quick reminder of the cell cycle:?Given that each somatic G1 nucleus from a female specimen contains 16 pg ofDNA, how much chromosomal DNA (in pg) would you expect inG2a. a male somatic cell?The cell &#34;double checks&#34; theduplicated chromosomes foremor, making any neededrepairs.Mitosisb. a female gamete?CytokinesisG,c. a female somatic cell in G2?Each of the 46chromosomes isduplicated by thecell.d.a male gamete?Cellular contents,excluding the chromosomes,are duplicated. BackgroundProblem N° 4Objective: To use pedigrees in a case of aninherited disease in humans in order todetermine the type of generic inheritance.IIAccording to the National Cancer Institute(NCI), &#34;a pedigree is an illustration of familyhistory and it shows relationships betweenfamily members and patterns of inheritancefor certain traits and diseases.&#34;347II123Pedigrees use standard symbols andconventions: O female; O male; • affectedfemale; I affected male; K proband, (a.k.a.consultand, the subject of genetic studies.Check the handout &#34;Standard PedigreeNomenclature&#34; in folder Minicourse 1 for moresymbols). Leftmost Roman numerals:generation considered in the pedigree; Arabicnumerals per row: individuals in that particularAnalyze the pedigree for myopia (nearsightedness) in a human family, depicted above.Question: What type of genetic inheritance is observed in this family for myopia?Here are a few pointers:Is there a hemizygous allele, linked to the Y chromosome?Is it a hemizygous allele linked to the X chromosome?Is it a recessive or dominant autosomal trait?Assuming that myopia is determined by a single allele, use the symbols M, m and assign genotypes to allindividuals on the pedigree above.O YesO NoO YesO NoO Dominantgeneration, regardless of what nuclear familythey are in; combinations of Roman and Arabicnumerals, a certain individual in a particulargeneration; e.g., affected female III-2,unaffected male l-3].Which individuals' genotypes would help in distinguishing what kind of inheritance for this trait is in playhere and why? Remember that individuals are designated with the generation (Roman numeral) and theindividual number (Arabic numeral), for example, 14, I12, II13, etc.Homozygous: two identical alleles in bothhomologous chromosomes, AA, or aaAnswer and explanationHeterozygous: different alleles on thehomologous chromosomes, AaHemizygous: one allele is present in onechromosome but not in the other. This canhappen in sex-chromosomes, XYSDR XY.

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