IYRES of Bacteriaoxygen1.a. Containsb. Cell wall containsbacteriaEx. Escherichia Coli(a carbohydrate)C.2.a. More likethan eubacteriab. Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan (a carbohydrate)C. Live inenvironments (hot springs, Mars, ocean depths, etc.)d. Ex. Methanogens- live without OxygenIdentifying Bacteria1. By Shapea.rod shapedb.sphericalspiral or corkscrew-shapeC.2. By Chemistry of the CellWallCocciSpirillaa.bacteria - dark violetb.bacteria - pink or light red3. By Movementa. Bacilli - useor "tail"b. Cоcci -moveBactliion slimeC. Spirilla - spin and4. By Energy Source"Eat" to obtain carbon and useand energyto obtain energyb."Eat" to obtainto chemical energy- create own energy by changingC.- create own energy bychemicals (often in dark places)d.Growth and Reproduction1.doubles in size, DNA replicates, and(see picture to the right)2.genetic exchange betweenbacterial cells 3.bacteria form "spores" insideof them and wait for good conditions to reactivate DNAirImportance1."Nature's Recyclers"a.from dead organisms back into the soilb. Sewage treatment - from your toilet to purified water2.turning nitrogen gas into aform for plants(help digestion), food,3.- bacteria in ourand digestion.Bacterial Disease in Humans1.conflict betweenanda. Disease results when bacteria interfere with the host's ability to obtainnutrientsb. Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of infected organisms byfor foodc. Other bacteria(poisons) that travel throughout the body2. Symptoms of bacterial disease (infection)a. Skin rashes or lesions, elevated body temperatures, swollen glands or tissues, orincreased white blood cell count

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Bacteria 1. a. Contains b. Cell wall contains C. Ex. Escherichia Coli bacteria (a carbohydrate) 2.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CS: There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s....

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There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?
Robert Koch (a) proposed a set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms (b) discovered Helicobacter (c) showed that biofilms consist of microorganisms (d) proposed a hypothesis for antibiotic resistance (e) demonstrated that people can be stimulated to develop immunity to disease
Doctors prescribe synergistic drug combinations to treatbacterial infections. The purpose of such treatment is to:(a) Change the bacteria with cell walls to L forms lackingcell walls(b) Reduce the treatment time of the disease(c) Prevent microorganisms from acquiring drug resis-tance(d) Reduce the toxic side effects of the antibiotics(e) Use lower doses of antibiotics
Why can bacterial ribosomes be targeted by antibiotics?a) Because they are different from eukaryotic ribosomesb) Because eukaryotes don't have ribosomesc) Because they are identical to eukaryotic ribosomes explain answer
What is the relationship between normal flora Escherichia coli (E. coli) and STEC? A When normal flora E.coli divide in two, they sometimes turn into STEC. B Everyone is colonized by STEC but only some people have non-STEC microbes in the large intestine. C Normal flora E.coli do not make Shiga toxin, but STEC are E. coli that do make Shiga toxin.
Bacteria such as Mycoplasma that lack cell walls are:(a) Sensitive to penicillin(b) Resistant to penicillin(c) Protected from adverse conditions by a waxy, acid-fastcoating(d) Obligated to live inside of other cells as endosymbionts
11) The sterilization method that is used to sterilize antibiotics: a) uses halogens b) Phenolics c) Irradiation d) Deep freezing method e) Ultrafiltraion 12) An internal bacterial cell division will lead to the formation of: a) Baeocyte b) Mycellia c) Syncitium d) Myofibril e) all the above13) One of the following compounds doesn’t belong to this list of agents: a) Aldehydes b)Sterilizing Gas c) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds d) Chloramphenicol e)Halogens 14) Most of the growth of bacteria through chemical compounds target: a) Proteins b) Ribosomes c) DNA d) RNA e) Cell wall 15) The antibiotic that prevent the addition of the next amino acid to a growing peptide is: a) Vancomycin b) Tetracycline c) Chloramphenicol d) Sulfonamide e) Cephalosporin
was used by Joseph Lister to clean wounds and surgical instruments: A.Antibiotics b.Chlorine water Carbonic acid dAntitoxins e. Carbolic acid Which one of the following does not apply to the bacterial glycocalyx? It is not responsible for virulency b .It allows the organism to resist drying C. It may allow an organism to resist phagocytosis d.It is composed of carbohydrates E. It is enclosed by the cell wall
1) Which of the following apply(ies) to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis? Choose all that apply: a) B. anthracis forms spores while B. cereus does not b) B. cereus is more lethal when it causes an infection c) B. anthracis has extra-chromosomal DNA that makes it more pathogenic d) Despite their similar names, the two are actually not at all related e) The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these bacteria are more than 99% identical, meaning that they are actually members of the same species
1. What is the purpose of a cell wall in bacteria? A. Structure B. Protection C. Peptidoglycan production D. a&b 2. Which of the following are features of Flagella? A. Found on the cell surface B. Necessary for movement C. Found only on bacteria D. A & B E. C & D 3. Choose an answer that best describes tthe difference between a plant vs. animal cell A. Only animals have cell walls B. Lysosomes are only found in plant cells C. Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria, animal cells have only mitochondria, and both organelles generate energy in the form of ATP via electron transport. D. Peroxisomes are only found in animal cells 4. Which of the folllowing organelles/complexes makes proteins? A. The Nucleus B. Cytoplasm C. Peroxisomes D. Ribosome E. Golgi Apparatus
Why are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections difficult to treat? A. Because they form biofilms, which are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate. B. Because they have a special endotoxin that degrades many antibiotics. C. Because we do not have any antibiotics that target P. aeruginosa. D. Because they are gram-positive bacteria, which are harder to treat.
At the health center, a fecal sample was taken from a feverish student. Organisms with corkscrewlike flagella and no endomembranes but with cell walls that lack peptidoglycan were isolated as the cause for the illness. These organisms probably belong to the group: a. chlamydias. b. spirochetes. c. Euryarchacota. d. Cyanobacteria. e. Archaea.